Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications

Advantages Precise point position has been defined as a method used to establish the accurate position by the aid of global positioning system (Ovstedal, 2002). One major advantage of precise GNSS or GPS is that the application results to tremendous cutting down of coasts in terms of labour and equipment. Similarly logistics for operations are also minimized because the system does not need the services of ground based stations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cutting of costs has seen to it that the money saved can be used to improve the technology. Additionally, it is worth remembering that using the technology has helped engineers have data that are less erroneous. This is because precise positioning using GNSS and GPS is capable of estimating the receiver clock as well as the atmospheric and tro pospheric effects attributes as well as the parameters for geographic coordinates. For this reason it offers another way of providing users with accurate time transfer that can be used to establish water vapour by use of the receiver. The data with high degree of accuracy are applicable in airborne mapping, engineering among others. According to Zumberge, et. al., 1998 another benefit of the technology is that it only involves one GPS receiver therefore users are not compelled to construct a ground local base station. With this regards, it thus removes the ‘spatial operating range limit’ and the problem of simultaneously observing both the rovers as well as local base receivers. On the lime line of reasoning, GNSS and GPS have been viewed as global positioning technique since the ultimate results are termed as a global reference frame. For that matter it offers users with a higher degree of consistency. It is worth noting that precise GNSS/GPS position and application b rings with it the advantage of high degree of reliability. Although a single receiver is used, the increased redundancy of data collected usually helps in establishing wrong measurements. Similarly there is improved geometry as well as convergence time. Lastly the technology has dual frequency observation which helps in coming up with ionosphere-free linear combination of original observations thus doing away with the effects of ionosphere (Ovstedal, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disadvantages It has been noted with concern that when dealing with indifference observation in precise GNSS/GPS positioning there is no possibility of correcting the carrier phase ambiguities. This means that these ambiguities need to be always approximated in what is referred to as float solution (Leandro Santos, 2006). It is worth remembering that the initialization time of about 20 minute s need for the float position to be converged into centimetre accuracy has led to a limited application of GNSS/GPS data in applications that require real time data. As suggested by Niell, 1996 another problem with precise GNSS/GPS positioning is that the coordinates generated are usually in the same global reference frame as that of the sending satellite. Considering the fact that the user might need to change the coordinates into either local or regional frames so that it can be applicable to various mapping application; the process of transformation is quite challenging and might result to serious errors if the user is not careful. It is also with mentioning that the technique calls for unconventional corrections aimed at mitigating systematic errors which affects centimetre accuracy. Issues addressed include offset of the satellite antenna, site displacement effects among others. Due to the fact that the corrections are irregular, data generated by two individuals might be diffe rent (Kouba Heroux, 2001). References Kouba, J. Heroux, P., 2001. GPS Precise Point Positioning Using IGS Orbit Products, GPS Solutions, vol.5, no.2, pp. 12-28. Leandro, F. Santos, M., 2006. Wide area based precise point positioning. Proceedings of ION GNSS 2006, 26–29 September 2006. Fort Worth, Texas, pp. 2272–2278.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Niell, A., 1996. Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths. J Geophys Res, vol. 101, no. B2, pp. 3227–3246. Ovstedal, O., 2002. Absolute Positioning with Single Frequency GPS Receivers, GPS Solutions, vol.5, no.4, pp. 33-44. Zumberge, J., Heflin, M., Jefferson, C., Watkins, M. Webb, F., 1998. Precise Point Positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks, J. Geophysical R esearch, vol.102, no. B3, pp. 5005-5017. This essay on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications was written and submitted by user Casen Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Canadian Dollar Fluctuations essays

Canadian Dollar Fluctuations essays The Canadian dollar has declined by over thirty percent versus the United States dollar, since it was at its highest in 1970. The reason for this is mainly the following factors: the Quebec factor, the inflation factor, the productivity factor, the growth in government and taxes factor, and the commodity price factor. These all come together to bring us to what the Canadian dollar is worth compared to the U.S. dollar today. The Quebec factor is partly responsible for the decline. It is no coincidence that the Canadian dollar began its descent to 69 cents in November 1976. ¹ That was the month in which the Parti Quebecois shocked political observers by winning the Quebec provincial election. It was the first, and still only, party explicitly committed to separation to assume the reins of power in Quebec City. While it is generally agreed that there is a risk premium built into the Canadian dollar because of the threat of separation, no one believes that threat is responsible for the whole, or even the bulk, of the currency's decline. ² The Canadian dollar is much lower because of separation because of what happened during the 1980 Quebec referendum. At the beginning of the campaign, in March 1980, polls showed the Yes side leading. In response, the Canadian dollar very quickly dropped from 87 cents to 83 cents. But in May, when the No side won a resounding 60-40 per cent victory over the separatists, the Canadian dollar leaped back up. It was at 87 cents again in June. The currency's movement in that period suggests a minimum 4 cent risk premium because of This is roughly consistent with what happened in the subsequent October 1995 referendum. On the night of the referendum, the television networks were showing the Yes side with a substantial lead. The Canadian dollar immediately dropped a cent. Then, however, the votes from Montreal were counted and t...

Topic and apa review of literture narctics Essay

Topic and apa review of literture narctics - Essay Example Also, massive corruption and inadequate legislation on drug trafficking have perpetrated drug smuggling in the country. With improving law enactment in regions of operation of the cartels, the immense power, which the cartels had in 1990s, is slowly diminishing. However, Mexico still remains a den for drug barons and most of the drug cartels are still in operation despite incarcerations and killings of their founders. Mexican Drug Cartels Introduction The drug cartels have been in constant pursuit of regional control against forces of the Mexican government. The government focus has been to exterminate the gruel murders that result from powerful drug cartels duels. The Mexican government has for long focused on ending the fight between drug moguls rather than stopping drug trafficking, particularly into the U.S. The Mexican Drug Cartels can be traced back to several decades ago. However, they have been increasingly gaining power since the demise of Colombia’s Cali and Medellin cartels during 1990s (The National, 2011). Currently, the Mexican Drug Cartels dominate illicit drug market and control about 90 percent of illegal drugs smuggled into the U.S. this paper explores The Mexican Drug cartels and the reasons for their existence. Drug Production and Trafficking Marijuana, heroine, cocaine and methamphetamine, are the main drugs that drug barons smuggle across the border between the U.S. and Mexico (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). Marijuana and opium are grown in Mexico in plenty. According to Shanty and Mishra (2008), the quantity of marijuana supplied to the U.S. at one time from Mexico was approximately 95 percent of the overall marijuana consumed in the U.S. Presently, Mexico smuggles less than half the marijuana supplied to the United States. However, almost all cocaine that is smuggled into the United States first goes through Mexico before reaching the U.S. Most of the cocaine transported to the U.S. are airlifted or shipped from Colombia into Mexico befo re being smuggled across the U.S.-Mexico border (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). â€Å"About one-third of all heroine that enters the United States is developed from opium poppy plants grown in Mexico† (Shanty & Mishra, 2008, p.332). Mexico also established an attractive market for methamphetamine manufactured from precursor chemicals, which the Mexican government does not strictly regulate their importation. The chemicals are imported from countries like India, China and the U.S. The vast number of individuals, who cross the border into the U.S. daily, complicates the extent to which the government can control the flow of illegal drugs into the country (Grillo, 2012). For instance, approximately 295 million people, 88 million automobiles and 4.5 million trucks cross the U.S-Mexico boundary each year. Out of this estimation, just 10 vehicles are stopped and less this number is checked (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). Also, massive corruption among government officials encourage drug traffick ing in the country (Grillo, 2012; Klabin, 2013). In 1980s, drug smuggling was facilitated by drug consortiums that offered services to Colombian cartels for a fee of about $1,000-$2,000 for every kilogram of cocaine (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). Owing to the high level of risks in the trade, the syndicates demanded for a large chunk of profit share. Within a short span, the Mexican drug cartels were getting up to more than half the profits generated from cocaine trade. This lucrative gain enabled the Mexican drug cartels to take over as chief suppliers of cocaine. They also

Concept of Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concept of Marriage - Essay Example People in many African countries continue to practice polygamy and according to scholars, incidents of polygamy or plural marriage are highest in West Africa, where Senegal and Ghana have the â€Å"highest level of polygamy† at between 30 and 50% of all marriages (Hayase & Liaw 300). Despite the statistics, on a global scale, the traditional marriage between one man and one woman is the most common form of marriage. Proponents of traditional marriage argue that marriage is an institution which has stood the test of time and is a fundamental social institution. They believe that marriage between one man and one woman serves a variety of social purposes including the procreation of children, the establishment of a â€Å"stable household for raising children† and the promotion of the nuclear family unit. They also establish that â€Å"children need both a male and female parent for proper development† (Kolasinski 3). Furthermore, many advocates for traditional marriage also argue that homosexuality is wrong and should not be encouraged by society. By conferring the right to marriage and the benefits of this union on same-sex couples, they argue that is exactly what society is doing. Advocates for gay marriage emphatically argue that it is a civil rights issue and since marriage bestows certain social benefits, denying gays the right to marry infringes on their rights to equality. They further argue that marriage is not intrinsically tied to procreation and point to examples of artificial insemination to prove that lesbian couples can also give birth and rear children. It is also argued that civil unions – in lieu of actual marriage – fall short of the equality standard and promote the idea that same-sex marriage is both separate and unequal. The Supreme Court in Canada recently struck down the Marriage Act on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and similar challenges are being made

Lil Wayne vs World Essay Example for Free

Lil Wayne vs World Essay During a CBS interview with rapper Lil Wayne, Katie Couric asks What does that mean, when you say Im a gangster? Wayne replied, â€Å"I dont take nothin from no one. I do what I wanna do, And Im gonna do that until the day I die. And if I cant do that, then Ill just die(All Access). Katie Couric and Lil Wayne sat down together on national television for an interview where two people of vastly different backgrounds had a conversation. Kwame Anthony Appiah, a professor in top Universities across the world, describes a conversation to be engagement with the experience and ideas of others. Also, the more dissimilar the backgrounds are the more information can be exchanged between two people. â€Å"America’s Sweetheart† Katie Couric and ‘Weezy’ (Lil Wayne) are undeniably two very different people. Seemingly their only similarity is their fame. Although as their interview progresses one can see how they are able to connect and exchange their own cultures with one another. The famous Lil Wayne is far from average, making this and all of his exchanges other extremely valuable to cosmopolitanism exposing his miscellany to the masses. By the end of the interview, although not necessarily in agreement, they both seem to have an understanding of one another accomplishing the main goal of conversation. Any person who is somewhat familiar with hip-hop should know who Lil Wayne is. 28-year-old Lil Wayne is loved by millions of teenagers for his music with his recent album The Carter III being the highest selling album in 2009. By default Lil Wayne is a role model, anyone with his amount of fame and recognition is going to have influence on others. What makes Lil Wayne a unique role model is that he is not the standard ‘liked by all’ leader that most mothers would approve of. Rapper Lil Wayne has been arrested for possession of drugs and illegal weapons three times with the third putting him in jail. A majority of his raps consist of drugs, money, and sex. Is this a role model teenage fans should follow? These aren’t typical traits that one would normally see in a role model but his unconformity is what defines him and makes him the icon he is. In countless interviews and talk shows Lil Wayne is asked about his notorious drug abuse. He gives the same response each time showing no shame, I will stand up for marijuana any day Im a rapper. That’s who I am†¦ I am a gangster and I do what I want. And I love to smoke. And I smoke(all access). In his mind what he does is not wrong and as Kwame Anthony Appiah understands, â€Å"A good deal of what we intuitively take to be right, we take to be right just because it is what we are used to.† Who can say that what Lil Wayne does is wrong? Right and wrong at the most basic level is man made. What he believes is right is what makes him happy, and it is only because we are used to marijuana being illegal or we are used to frowning upon his life style that it is considered â€Å"wrong.† For someone who does a lot of ‘wrongs,’ he is overwhelmingly successful. Lil Wayne has a net worth of 75 million dollars, â€Å"Following the drop of his sixth studio album Tha Carter III in 2008 he was nominated for eight Grammy’s, the most for any artist that year taking home four awards. Wayne†¦ was named #2 on MTV’s list of hottest MC’s in the game behind Brooklyn bred rapper Jay-Z† (Celebnetworth). Lil Wayne is only 28 years old yet h as more success than most can ever dream of obtaining. â€Å"Some call him the best rapper to ever live others say he’s self-destructive but whatever you believe Lil Wayne has become a staple in American music and will remain there, indefinitely†(Celebnetworth). People aren’t used to a successful â€Å"gangster† like Lil Wayne coming from nothing and breaking the law while reaching the top. Lil Wayne embraces his vice-filled lifestyle, and thrives off of it. Like his hit song ‘I’m me’ expresses â€Å"Baby, Im me, so who you? Youre not me, youre not me.†(metrolyrics) He knows he is one of a kind and he knows he is the best. This is the attitude that attracts so many of his fans. His confidence and arrogance is what really defines him and his success just adds to his ego. While arrogance is not usually good, he gives off a confidence that many people can learn from when engaging in any of his conversations. At first look he may not appear to be very intelligent, but what many people do not realize is that Lil Wayne received straight A’s while in school. For me, it was always a way of showing someone my intelligence, a way of showing someone who I really am, Wayne says about his music(all access). When listening to Lil Wayne converse with Katie Couric, he is actually a very articulate speaker. Even through his lyrics one can see how descriptively he express his mind. Even the way he creates his rhymes is impressive. Lil Wayne never writes lyrics down before he records his songs. Every time he records a new song he raps impromptu, putting together rhymes as he goes. The ability to think that quickly and produce coherent thoughts unrehearsed in the form of music is astounding. The majority of people I’m sure do not know this about Lil Wayne and would never think of him as genuinely very intelligent. His intelligence confuses most people who immediately profile this black thuggish rapper as brainless. As Appiah understands â€Å"Understanding one another may be hard†(25). To fully understand Lil Wayne or any person is not easy, and those hidden characteristic of people, such as Lil Wayne’s genius, is what conversation can unveil. The complexity of this 28-year-old rapper allows for extremely beneficial conversation, changing first impressions and providing new perceptions. Lil Wayne uses music to reach the world exposing his intelligence and talent to millions. I believe that music is another form of news, he tells CBS News anchor Katie Couric. Music is another form of journalism to me so I have to cover all the areas with my album(allaccess). In many of his songs Lil Wayne will address current events. Katrina was a very sensitive subject to many and Lil Wayne having grown up there and lost ones who were close to him as shown in his lyrics. â€Å"To those restin in peace, those dead and deceased, soon again we meet†(metrolyrics). Lil Wayne donated $200,000 To Hurricane Katrina Relief Project to help the area where he grew up(Gigwise). Through the medium of his music he expresses his feelings, and has a vast amount of influence. This is what Appiah believes is necessary; to influence others and exchange ones own ideas like little Wayne does through his music quoted above. Whether people like it or not Lil Wayne is a leader. There is a reason he is so loved by his fans and has had so much success. He is a success himself and what people all over the globe strive to achieve. Alternatively when examining his habits and way of going about life it is hard see him as a positive influence in any respect. He does illegal drugs, possesses illegal weapons, and is known to be a womanizer in many of his lyrics. Recently he was arrested for possession of weapons without a permit. To many teens this looks â€Å"cool† and just adds to his notoriety. Illegal activity isn’t the key to success for most people, yet as he proclaimed, he is a gangster and can do what he wants when he wants. This cocky attitude gets him in a lot of trouble, but it also fuels his greatness. With every hero there is a flaw and Lil Wayne’s flaw is breaking the law. Most of his followers understand that some of his actions we should follow; instead following his confidence and individualism that yield success in an increasin gly competitive world. During the CBS interview Katie Couric asked if he views himself as a positive role model, Lil Wayne replied, I’m not an example for how people should live their lives, Never in my life would I ever set out to be an example for people on how to live their lives. If you need an example for how to live, then you just shouldn’t have been born.† Practicing what he preaches Lil Wayne does not live for anyone but himself. It is this attitude that intrigues people and causes conversation. Every time he makes a new song that tops the billboard charts he is reaching out and sharing himself with the world. Lil Wayne has conversation everyday when he makes his music, sharing himself with many different types of people each with their own varying backgrounds. Appiah would agree that Lil Wayne is someone people of differing cultures can learn from being as unique as he is. His uniqueness allows for good conversation by crossing boundaries like done in the CBS interview with Katie Couric, while still being able to connect easily with society as shown through his fame. Lil Wayne has always been himself and while many times misunderstood he will keep being Weezy F Baby, â€Å"The Best Rapper Alive.†

American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Essay -- Health Medicine Beauty

American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is not a new field of medicine. Traditionally, plastic surgery dealt with fixing abnormalities of the body, but recently people are enjoying the luxury of plastic surgery simply because they are not happy with their appearance. People make appointments with plastic surgeons for procedures such as rhinoplasty, liposuction, tummy tucks, face lifts, and most commonly breast augmentation. These people look forward to desired results from such procedures without considering the risks. Many risks accompany plastic surgery, but they are rarely discussed in the media. Death is even a possible conclusion of the surgery. Why would people subject themselves to such conditions as having their face swollen for weeks, barely being able to walk, and the excruciating pain that comes after they awaken from surgery? Even more important is the question, why are teenagers becoming more and more eager to get plastic surgery operations performed on themselves? Sometimes teenagers have certain features that can benefit from plastic surgery, but most of the time society makes teenagers have an altered sense of the perfect body image. In reality, the perfect body image is something that does not exist. Plastic surgeons comment about how common it is to meet a young patient who would like to have features of their favorite celebrities. Young women want Jennifer Lopez’s bottom, Jennifer Aniston’s nose, and Britney Spears’ facial features. Young men would like to have Brad Pitt’s facial features. To me, such expectations seem implausible. God made me the way I am. I would not change a thing. But I am sure that at one time the teenagers who are receiving these procedures believed th... ... life is simply to learn to love yourself just the way you are. So the bottom line is: Teenagers should be educated by society on the dangers of plastic surgery. They should be aware of the bad as well as the good. But, when it comes down to the decision whether or not to have plastic surgery, I hope that teenagers will use their better judgment and not the judgment of other people as a factor. Works Cited Bermant, Michael, â€Å"Cosmetic Plastic Surgery in Teens.† American Board of Plastic Surgery (2004). 31 Aug. 2004 . Davis, Robert, â€Å"Teens' cosmetic dreams don't always come true.† USA Today (2004). 2 Oct. 2004 . Dolan, Deidre, â€Å"The Kindest Cut: Teens and Plastic Surgery.† The New York Observer (2004). 4 Oct. 2004 .

Fresh Food Compared to Canned Food Essay

Eating is something that we do on a daily basis, which makes the food that we choose to consume an important part of our health and life style. Eating food that is unhealthy for us, as well as consuming to much food can lead to numerous health risks. When we eat, we typically take the easy way out and consume foods that are unhealthy. So, when we are out at the store deciding what food we should purchase think of the benefits you would get from something fresh or something canned. We should all take a minute and consider the flavor, health benefits, and the cost of what we are about to digest. Fresh food is something that seems to have a significant advantage when it comes to flavor. If we are going to choose fresh foods over canned we will be enjoying the foods natural flavor and taste rather than chemically processed foods. Fresh foods contain vitamins as well as antioxidants that are all natural, which gives it the natural flavor. Canned foods do not have as much flavor, most of the time chemicals are added which takes away from the taste and flavor that the food has naturally. Canned foods are more likely to have artificial flavor. Health is another factor to look at when considering what type of food to we should consume. When we choose to eat canned or processed foods we are not receiving all of the healthy and natural nutrients that fresh food gives. Processed foods tend to contain large amounts of sodium, which can contribute to health risks such as high blood pressure. While fresh foods often provide us with fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which is what we need to help us function on a daily basis. (See Reference) Money can be a factor when purchasing food which is why cost is the final difference between canned and fresh foods that we should consider. When buying fresh foods especially, if the food is in season, we will see a significant price difference. The price difference between the two is caused by all the processing that a canned food has to go through to be able to last longer on the shelf. Yes, having the ability to go to the store and buy a â€Å"TV dinner† for dinner would be easier than preparing it yourself; however, the cost will probably be higher. Basically, it is our choice in what we want to consume food wise but flavor, health benefits, and cost should be taken into consideration. Fresh food has better taste and is not artificially flavored, if in season may cost less, and can also be healthier for you than canned foods. Anything though is better than choosing the easy way out. Take time and consider everything. References Retrieved from: http://www. livestrong. com/article/260270-nutrition-differences-canned-foods-vs-fresh-produce/.