Understanding Behaviours and Attitudes Towards Social Networking Free Essays

The quick advancement of informal communication that has been identified in the course of the last 2-3 years is demonstrative of its entrance into straight life and it’s blended in with our every day lives. Likewise, there has additionally been critical media inclusion of the advancement of long range interpersonal communication, its fast constructive outcomes and stresses around the methodology. With the end goal of this examination report I have purposefully put light on the social and correspondences features of person to person communication destinations. We will compose a custom paper test on Getting Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Social Networking or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The SNS additionally have a few disadvantages related, for example, disarray over protection settings, likely contact with individuals one doesn’t know and the unexpected punishments of openly posting fragile individual material. The motivation behind this report is subsequently to give proof based experiences into the interpersonal interaction marvel which can be utilized to illuminate current comprehension regarding use and cultural effects in the UK, and to help distinguish a portion of the current and expected future issues around people’s utilization of long range informal communication destinations. Like different specialized instruments, informal communication locales have certain principles, shows and practices which clients need to explore to make them comprehended and keep away from challenges. These range from the behavior of remarking on different people groups profiles to understanding who one ought to and shouldn’t include as a ‘friend’. Applied Framework Engaging with Social Networking Sites The Social systems administration destinations likewise wanted to as SNS in the archive offer individuals new and assorted approaches to impart by means of the web, from PC or cell phone. As per Dwyer et al (2007), an informal organization administration centers around building on the web networks of individuals who offer interests as well as their exercises. Today, there are in excess of 650 informal organization destinations on the planet (Stern, 2006), yet nobody knows precisely the number. Models incorporate MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. Maker of SNS approved individuals to ordinarily make their own online page, build and show to online contacts called ‘friend’. As indicated by Boyd (2004), purposes behind interfacing with companions in interpersonal organization can be fluctuated and doesn’t unavoidably mean kinship in the every day lingo sense. Clients can convey to other client with the assistance of their profile they have made. Person to person communication locales are worked for clients to collaborate for various purposes like business, general talking, meeting with companions and partners, and so on. SNS offer a wonderfully immediate device for what Goffman(1972) calls â€Å"impression management†: the profile page. Similarly as your decision of apparel and hairdo flags how you consider yourself (and need others to consider you), so does your decision of profile photograph. Numerous clients decide to show the most complimenting photos of themselves that they can. It is likewise useful in legislative issues, dating, with the enthusiasm of getting various favorable circumstances with the individuals they meet. Episodic proof proposes that social collaboration with political substance of intrigue is significant for youthful grown-ups (e. g. , Steller, 2008). An investigation by Conners (2005) detailed that Democratic Senate applicants were more probable than Republicans to utilize Meetup, sites and other intuitive online devices in 2004. (ssrn. om)Recently, the utilization of system locales has expanded extra time with the improvement in innovation and the utilization of cell phone to ride the web and insights have indicated that 90% of individuals on the web at one point in time or the other are visiting SNS (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). Mentalities and practices towards long range interpersonal communication destinations Users of Social organizers fall into various gatherings Social organizers are diverse in ways to deal with SNS and in their conduct while utilizing them. The site clients go under five particular gatherings. These are as per the following: * Leading Socialisers †(a minority) individuals who are utilizing locales deliberately to experience new people, be a tease and to be engaged. * Attention Seekers †(a few) are those individuals who need consideration and remarks from others on the web, typically by posting photographs and alter their profiles. * Followers †(many) are those individuals who joined SNS to follow what their companions are doing. * Faithful †(many) individuals who regularly use SNS to reestablish old companionships, once in a while from school or college. Useful †(a minority) those individual who needs to be single while utilizing SNS for a particular reason. * Focussed †(Mostly business clients †Recently included client gathering) Some clients of the destinations will make the profile to explore the market’s reaction in a particular topography for the forecasts of their business in their geology. Likewise, as this is a simpler meth od to arrive at a more extensive and worldwide shopper base, numerous corporate houses all inclusive are utilizing these social locales to publicize or embrace their items and advancements. Non-clients goes under into various gatherings Non-clients go under three gatherings; these are the gathering the individuals who don’t utilize the SNS: * Concerned about security †those individuals who are worried about wellbeing on the web, in explicit creation individual subtleties available on the web. As per Smith (2007), seven percent of American example said they had been reached ‘by a more unusual who caused them to feel frightened or uncomfortable’. * Technically unpracticed †those individuals who don’t have information for utilizing web and PC. Scholarly rejecters †individuals don’t have enthusiasm for SNS and imagine that it’s an exercise in futility. How individuals utilize informal communication locales Profile Creation People regularly make their profiles based on their insight. Client Profiles are typically set addressed according to the site, so it is exceptionally discretionary and relies on the individual what he needs to distribute on the site. Regularly Users appreciate altering their profiles, watching video, playing internet games, posting photographs. Clients for the most part appreciate from the way toward making an interpersonal organization, making a rundown of companions and utilizing friend’s rundown to peruse profiles. Clients share singular material with a wide scope of ‘friends’. Speaking with their companions is the most well known person to person communication movement, yet the majority of grown-ups utilize their profile to speak with individuals they don't have the foggiest idea. A couple of clients additionally notice negative parts of long range interpersonal communication, and these included indignation at others utilizing destinations for pomposity, parties composed web based turning crazy, and web based tormenting. Security and wellbeing Privacy and wellbeing issues on long range interpersonal communication destinations didn't develop as ‘top of mind’ for most clients. Data trade exercises operationalized as the exercises of collaboration among individuals from a network that goes about as a wellspring of data for different individuals to extend and grow kinship (Gruen et al. , 2006. 2007). At more often than not Users of the SNS leaves security settings as default ‘open’. For the most part the individuals who are new, they give out touchy individual data, photos and other substance about themselves. Locales characterize some subset of a profile, (for example, the user’s name and alliance) obvious of course for looking and distinguishing proof. Most destinations additionally permit clients to unwind or fortify their meaning of open data. Security desires in informal communities depend on connections. Run of the mill interpersonal organizations bolster companions and systems with advantaged get to. (Felt, Adrienne, and Evans, David. (2008). Examination Strategy I will do a subjective exploration to inspect inside and out people’s mentalities to online interpersonal interaction, their practices while utilizing person to person communication ites, and the reasons why they utilize these locales. This will contain an examination of the exploration dependent on a few particular client and non-client fragments. Likewise, I will explore on the positive parts of interpersonal organization according to advertising and examination and utilization of SNS for worldwide business strengthening. This subjective exploration will discover the utilization of and mentalities towards interpersonal interaction destinations (both for clients and non-clients) falling into a few unmistakable portions. Albeit subjective in nature, these sections give an intriguing understanding into how individuals as of now use and view long range interpersonal communication destinations. They additionally help to feature that site clients are not a uniform gathering as far as use, mentalities or conduct. It will likewise clarify the significance of the sections for clients and non-clients on various bases. Client portions will be sorted out based on how clients will act when utilizing long range informal communication destinations and the non-client fragments will be engaged why they will quit utilizing the premise of non-users’ purposes behind not utilizing the locales. The most effective method to refer to Understanding Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Social Networking, Essay models

Skin Cancer :: essays research papers

Skin Cancer What is it and how to forestall it Skin malignant growth is the most pervasive everything being equal. There are three kinds of skin disease: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and dangerous melanoma. In this introduction I intend to talk about somewhat about every one of these cases just as advise approaches to forestall and treat them. The main most basic skin malignant growth is basal cell carcinoma. This disease creates in the basal or base layer of the epidermis, which is the top layer of the skin. The reason for this disease is a quality called fixed or PTC, which assists with controlling cell development and advancement. In the event that this quality is missing, inadequate, or harmed by ultra violet radiation, over the top cell multiplication may result. Basal cell carcinoma normally shows up as a little, beefy knock, which frequently shows up on the head, neck, or hands. This sort of malignant growth only here and there happens in African Americans, however they are the most widely recognized skin tumors found in lighter looking people. These tumors don’t spread rapidly. It could take months or years for one to develop to a distance across of one-half inch. On the off chance that untreated the malignancy could start to drain, outside layer over, recuperate and afterward the cycle rehashes. The second most regular skin disease is squamous cell carcinoma. This malignancy creates in the upper layers of the epidermis. In spite of the fact that this disease is more forceful than basal cell malignancy, it is still generally moderate developing and is bound to spread to different areas, including inside organs. Squamous cell disease is generally found on the edge of the ear, the face, the lips and mouth. Notwithstanding, the ailment is typically effortless, however may get excruciating with the improvement of ulcers that don't mend. This malignancy regularly starts from sun-harmed skin and for the most part starts at age 50. At the point when found and regarded right on time just as appropriately, the fix rate by dermatological medical procedure is 95%. The third and most lethal skin disease is harmful melanoma. This malignant growth creates in the shade cells, which are found all through the basal layer. Despite the fact that melanoma is quite often treatable when distinguished early, it is liable for 75% of all skin malignant growth passings. Around 48,000 new cases are analyzed every year in the United States. Around 7,700 individuals kick the bucket from this infection every year. Melanoma may unexpectedly show up abruptly however it might likewise start in or almost a mole or other dim spots in the skin.

1980 MGM Fire and Fire Codes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

1980 MGM Fire and Fire Codes - Case Study Example Fig.1 shows the site plan of the lodging. It had 26 stories structured lavishly. Ground floor had the Casino, eateries, showrooms and a conference hall and upper degree of the jai alai fronton. The underneath grade level had the lower level of the jai alai fronton, a cinema, a few shops and boutiques, administration territories, and underground stopping. There were 2076 visitor rooms and another 780 visitor rooms under development on the west side of the structure. Inn structure had fire-resistive, ensured non-burnable and unprotected non-flammable sections. Both ignitable and non-burnable materials were utilized for inside completion. Fire sprinklers were introduced uniquely in some significant bits and each territory was not ensured for fire. Some portion of the 26th floor, the arcade level, show zones, showrooms and a few eateries on the club level were secured while the gambling club and tower were not ensured with fire sprinklers. A manual alarm framework was available in the lo dging. The visitor room floors had manual force stations. The caution framework had ringers and open location capacity. There was no programmed location framework introduced in the structure (National Fire Protection Association, 1980).... Security attempted to put off the fire however it was enormous to such an extent that the Clark County local group of fire-fighters must be reached at around 7.15 a.m. (National Fire Protection Association, 1980). Fig.2 and Fig. 3 shows the fire greatness at MGM Grand. Fig. 2 (MGM, 2008) The MGM Grand - see from the side of Las Vegas Blvd and Flamingo Rd Fig 3 (MGM, 2008) The MGM Grand Fire - looking toward North-East from I-15 As indicated by the local group of fire-fighters fire broke out because of an electrical issue in an ignitable secured space close to a pie case in the café. Nearness of flammable inside completion and other material like pressed wood, plastic, paper, wooden ornamental individuals and froth plastic cushioning of seats and stalls in the Deli helped fire spread rapidly and arrive at a wild extent. There was no assurance in the way for the fire to spread to the Casino. Ignitable inside completion, goods, other wooden and plastic materials like froth cushioning and moldings present in the Casino put in more fuel in the fire. Stream of air was additionally enough for the fire to expand (National Fire Protection Association, 1980). Inside 15 minutes of its recognition fire had gobbled up a gigantic territory including the Deli, the Casino and porte cocher on the west finish of the structure. Warmth and smoke ascending to the upper floors told visitors of the issue on the ground floors. Helicopters, firemen, development laborers and bystanders had the option to spare numerous individuals. Individuals who gave their direction a shot through rooftops and different ways out were saved while others hung tight in their spaces for help. Lodging was cleared totally in 4 hours. 84 individuals kicked the bucket in the unfortunate episode. 14 individuals passed on the Casino level, 29 in rooms, 21 in

The Biggest Myth About Help with Physics Problems Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Help with Physics Problems Exposed Whether it is a physics kinematics detailed solver or another assistant, you don't have to doubt in their competence. You have the ability to besides order coursework like physics gcse coursework. You do not need to consider any other physics homework help service if you become in touch with us. The presence of two unique physics courses employing different curricula naturally provided an opportunity for those researchers to compare the outcomes of students in both courses. Using Help with Physics Problems Though it's a well-tested theory, revision is definitely feasible likely needed because of a number of the other problems in QCD. It's extremely important to address the issue algebraically before inserting any numerical values. Search till you have found a method you understand. Not hard math, but there's a simpler way. When you have understood what the issue is, the next thing to do is to write down the problem in words and the potential sources of input to the model. Choosing Good Help with Physics Problems The starting position will stay the same, but the target will change based on the spare that should be made. The system isn't as widely utilized as the 3-6-9 spare system, but it's one of the most common basic spare systems. Practically all math issues can be solved with the correct understanding of moving the beads manually on the gadget. The commonest problem that you could encounter is the installed unit isn't cooling the inner environment of your car. When schools start to interview they will need to lower the invited people to a manageable number. So normally you may get assistance from your math professors or TAs too. Other students may purchase your tutorials, 1 question at one time, and learn to address difficult problems based on your example. Anyway, your teacher is only going to teach you some variables at a moment. The Most Popular Help with Physics Problems The majority of them often discover that it's tricky to accomplish and miss the deadline. If you're advancing to another concept, then you need to also be physically moving forward. There are lots of writing services that is going to teach you just how to compose a huge thesis but very few will really compose the paper as you required. You may control the entire process via our live chat. The Awful Secret of Help with Physics Problems A whole lot of times athletes will drink an excessive amount of water in order to prevent dehydration but when that occurs, the sodium amounts within the body are lowered causing the kidneys stress. So, by way of example, you'd be AB-ducting your leg if you should move it away from your entire body, but it's also AB-duction if you should plant your leg on the floor and bend your hip to the side in order for your body is parallel to the ground. A diet composed of healthy, hormone-building, tissue-enhancing, life-giving saturated fat is crucial for good functioning, growth and repair of all of the systems inside your body. The reality is that saturated fat is important in a nutritious diet. The Secret to Help with Physics Problems Whenever possible, it's a very good idea to go through the solution cautiously especially if it's being evaluated by your instructor. To begin with, ensure you're asking yourself the appropriate question. Anyway, you almost certainly will be thought creepy if you take a look at only a single person. The well-adjusted individual, usually, manifests the social or interpersonal abilities and other constructive types of behavior that is crucial to establish rapport for a satisfactory step 2 CS score. EXECUTE the PLAN Now you're prepared to execute the program. You are able to make your suggestions anytime, and co ntrol the purchase progress. Otherwise, you're totally free to begin the ordering process at the moment! PLAN the SOLUTION Before you really start to calculate an answer, take time to generate a program. The Help with Physics Problems Stories You are going to be more than set with just a couple of things. Nobody can expect individuals to react to you favorably if you don't show an interest within them. On occasion the question being asked in the predicament isn't obvious. NEVER work a problem that you can't check! How to Find Help with Physics Problems Online Playing the on-line games at the Match 3 puzzle games site is an enjoyable experience and is a wonderful means to arouse the mind. Our physics problem solver online will arrive at the rescue when you require extra assistance. Based on your interest and abilities, you may pick the game and begin playing instantly. On the site, you'll also locate some exciting brain training games.

Dhammapada Essay - 1247 Words

The Dhammapada is a Pali version of one of the most popular text of the Buddhist canon. The Dhammapada, or sayings of the Buddha, is a collection of 423 verses that tell about the ideals and teachings of the Buddha. When taken together, these verses provide a structured form of teaching within the Buddhist religion. These verses are a kind of guiding voice to the path of true enlightenment. The Dhammapada is a religious work that is meant to provide a certain set of religious and ethical values, as well as a certain manner of perception of life and the problems that life brings along with the solutions. Although the verses may be looked at as trying to create good or bad people, the verses are actually trying to get people to†¦show more content†¦Within the Dhammapada, the Buddha describes the bhikkhu as one who has wisdom and meditation. There is no meditative absorption for one who lacks insight; there is no insight for one who is not meditating. In whom there is meditative absorption and insight; truly he is in Nibbanas presence (V. 372). This verse states that in order to gain wisdom, a bhikkhu must meditate. However one can not meditate without wisdom. This idea seems to say that the practices of the bhikkhu must include meditation and gaining wisdom. The Buddhist monks engage in these practices because it is the way of the Buddha. Within the text, it is very clear that the Buddha finds meditation of great importance. If not directly speaking about meditation, the Buddha speaks about having a disciplined mind. It is good to restrain ones mind, uncontrollable, fast moving, and following its own desires as it is. A disciplined mind leads to happiness (V. 35). As well as having a disciplined mind, the mental state that the bhikkhu strives to cultivate is one that is at peace, developed, and guarded. Â…the bhikkhu whose mind is at peace experiences a more than human joy... (V. 373). Just the same, a mind should be guarded because a guarded mind brings happiness. A wise man should guard his mind for it is very hard to keep track of, extremely subtle, and follows its own desires. A guarded mind brings happiness (V. 36). ThroughShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Dhammapada1239 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dhammapada is a Pali version of one of the most popular text of the Buddhist canon. The Dhammapada, or à ¢â‚¬Å"sayings of the Buddha†, is a collection of 423 verses that tell about the ideals and teachings of the Buddha. When taken together, these verses provide a structured form of teaching within the Buddhist religion. These verses are a kind of guiding voice to the path of true enlightenment. The Dhammapada is a religious work that is meant to provide a certain set of religious and ethicalRead MoreFour Noble Truths Of The Dhammapada815 Words   |  4 Pagespopular religious texts in the Buddhist world was and is the Dhammapada, which provides sayings and truths that shed light on this journey to nirvana. Out of the 423 Buddhist truths presented in the Dhammapada, numbers 20, 75, and 89 provide particular insight into the core teachings of the Buddhist religion and mindset. Each saying highlights a portion of the key principles present in the Buddhist belief system. Saying number 20 of the Dhammapada outlines the three unwholesome roots and how a man canRead MoreTeresa of Avila’s Way of Perfection and The Dhammapada1669 Words   |  7 PagesIn Teresa of Avila’s Way of Perfection and The Dhammapada there is a discussion of the conceptual metaphorical system and mysticism which is significant for â€Å"Metaphor, Mysticism and Spirituality.† The metaphorical concept of â€Å"path† is mentioned in both Teresa of Avila’s Way of Perfection and The Dhammapada. This metaphorical concept of â€Å"path† comes up in both texts but is mentioned in very similar but different ways and this is what makes it so interesting to look at. Although the conceptual metaphoricalRead MoreSiddhartha Gautama, Or The Buddha1045 Words   |  5 Pagesaround today. The Fourth Edict illustrates that AÅ›oka gave his officers and leaders of his empire the power to judge and to inflict punishment, but he only allowed them to do s o if they were fair, patient, and understanding. This reflects The Dhammapada, a collection of Buddha’s sayings in verse, one of the most recognizable pieces of Buddhist scripture. AÅ›oka wanted his people punished uniformly, but fairly. AÅ›oka has taken the concept of the middle path from Buddhism and applied it to hisRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Socrates and Siddhartha Guatama Buddha 880 Words   |  4 Pagesouter-worldly through mastering the worldly. Socrates relinquishes sensual desires in hopes of spiritual rebirth after death and achieving enlightenment in life. Buddha relinquishes the same ideas, but in hopes of living an enlightened life on earth. (The Dhammapada: Socrates Buddha Vs. Desire) My contention is to compare Philosopher Socrates from Plato and Siddhartha Guatama Buddha, and I will demonstrate their similarities and differences based on their practices and beliefs. Buddha Siddhartha GautamaRead More Dantes Inferno: Dantes Journey Toward Enlightenment Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesspirit guides and those revered in Buddhism. Buddhists believe that every human being is a spiritual being as well as a physical being, and that by exploring the spiritual sphere of ourselves we can have a guiding hand in our own destiny. In The Dhammapada, one of the best loved of all Buddhist scriptures, Buddha proclaims in verses 116-119: Make haste in doing good; check your mind from evil; for the mind of him who is slow in doing meritorious actions delights in evil. Should a person commitRead MoreThe Main Elements Of The Doctrine Of Salvation1454 Words   |  6 Pagesto know, which leads to peace, to discernment, to enlightenment, to Nirvana.† As can be seen in the above paragraph, obtaining salvation in Buddhism is after all a matter of will and personal effort. It is in its essence salvation by works. The Dhammapada and Sutta Nipata, chapter 1, emphasizes the importance of disciplining our thoughts: â€Å"All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thoughtRead MoreBuddhism Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pages Guide to the Tipitaka: â€Å"An outline of the Pali Buddhist Canonical Scriptures of the Theravada School. The is a unique work as it is probably the only material that deals in outline with the whole of the Pali Buddhist Tipitaka.† The Dhammapada: â€Å"The Dhammapada, or the Treasury of Truth, consist of 423 verses spoken by the Buddha on about 300 occasions in the course of his teaching ministry of forty-five years. The gems of truth embodied in these texts aptly illustrate the moral and philosophicalRead MoreThe Pali Canon and The Theravada Buddhism1086 Words   |  5 Pagessuffering follows as the wagon wheel follows the hoof of the ox. All experience is preceded by mind, led by mind, made by mind. Speak or act with a peaceful mind, and happiness follows Like a never-departing shadow. Source: Dhammapada 1.1-2 This piece of scripture shows us that we have the ability to choose the path we follow. Being aware of the reactions that our speech and actions create is an important aspect in being mindful and self aware. As we saw in the Buddhas firstRead MoreDevotion Is A Major Theme1608 Words   |  7 Pagesbegin, in Buddhism, they must devote themselves to bettering the self and releasing all worldly attachments. In this religion, the self is everything and it must be glorified. â€Å"If one knew oneself to be precious, one would guard oneself with care† (Dhammapada, pg. 42). In this line, it is saying that if a Buddhist devotes himself to becoming one with the self, a Buddhist must guard himself with care and good intent. Coupled with the devotion to the self, devotion to the eightfold path and the four noble

Essay on Justice vs. Morality in Measure for Measure and...

Justice vs. Morality in Measure for Measure and Merchant of Venice There are many similarities shared between Shakespeares plays, Measure for Measure, and The Merchant of Venice. The underlying theme of each work is well defined by the phrase Justice without the temperance of mercy, is power misused. I will support this claim by drawing upon some of the characters and situations that are consistent in each story. In each story a mans life depends on the interpretation, and sanctioning of justice. In the, Merchant of Venice, Antonio (who I believe represents mercy), had sealed a bond with Shylock offering a pound of his flesh for the loan of three thousand ducats. Unfortunately he forfeits this bond, (Merchant†¦show more content†¦For Antonio it was his love of Bassanio and his strong desire to see him prosper, (Merchant I,i) ... My purse, my person, my extremist means, Lie all unlockd to your occasions.. Cladio too acted out of love and devotion to the woman he meant for his wife, yet didnt hold the papers for. In both situations cases are made not necessarily to debunk justice, however instead to allow for judgment interwoven with mercy. For Antonios sake Portia (acting as Balthazar), offers Shylock a plea of humanity, (Merchant IV,i) The quality of mercy is not straind,... Tis mightiest in the mightiest... It is enthroned in the heart of kings, It is an attribute to God himself..., yet none of this causes Shylock to sway from his original position, (Merchant IV,i) My deeds upon my head! I crave the law, The penalty and forfeit of my bond.. In, Measure for Measure it was Isabella attempting to soften the heart of Angelo, (Measure II,ii) ... Go to your bosom, Knock there, and ask your heart what it doth know Thats like my brothers fault.... Now the plot in this story is much thicker, and Angelo had another agenda (i.e.. getting Isabella in bed), her pleas ended with the same result as those of Portia, (Measure II,iv) Nay, but hear me, Your sense pursues not mine..., Then must your brother die. In both situations there is a strong, and legitimate case for either argument. On the one hand you haveShow MoreRelatedA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesanother clue to an oral tradition behind it. The entire epics of Homer were composed orally and committed to someone’s memory. Both epics are longer than the Picatrix, so it was possible for a trained person to learn it off by heart. Twelve Solar vs. Twenty-Eight Divisions The Picatrix material produced many surprises for me. For example in the Middle Ages it was thought that the unlucky Via Combusta was shorter, extending from only 18 deg. Libra to 3 deg. Scorpio. The main surprise was that elections

Raped Essay Example For Students

Raped Essay I know about things I shouldnt know about. Things most people dont know about, and dont want to. Rape. A word that haunts many. A year ago, I was at a party with my best friend. We were drunk, apperntly she was more than I. I wanted to leave, I didnt want to go without her though. But, she wanted to stay with her new boy friend. So I left. I walked the 4 miles home, drunk. From what I heard, after I left, she did the same with her new guy. Everything I say is both speculation and fact. She drove him home, they took a detour to a field where you can see everything from, it was late, so they decided to sit in a tree and watch the sun rise. Moments later he managed to get her down and lay in the grass, to look at the stars. After that, I can only guess. Because she was found days later naked, with cuts abd bruises, and her clothes all over the field. My best friend was raped and murdered.

Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications

Advantages Precise point position has been defined as a method used to establish the accurate position by the aid of global positioning system (Ovstedal, 2002). One major advantage of precise GNSS or GPS is that the application results to tremendous cutting down of coasts in terms of labour and equipment. Similarly logistics for operations are also minimized because the system does not need the services of ground based stations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cutting of costs has seen to it that the money saved can be used to improve the technology. Additionally, it is worth remembering that using the technology has helped engineers have data that are less erroneous. This is because precise positioning using GNSS and GPS is capable of estimating the receiver clock as well as the atmospheric and tro pospheric effects attributes as well as the parameters for geographic coordinates. For this reason it offers another way of providing users with accurate time transfer that can be used to establish water vapour by use of the receiver. The data with high degree of accuracy are applicable in airborne mapping, engineering among others. According to Zumberge, et. al., 1998 another benefit of the technology is that it only involves one GPS receiver therefore users are not compelled to construct a ground local base station. With this regards, it thus removes the ‘spatial operating range limit’ and the problem of simultaneously observing both the rovers as well as local base receivers. On the lime line of reasoning, GNSS and GPS have been viewed as global positioning technique since the ultimate results are termed as a global reference frame. For that matter it offers users with a higher degree of consistency. It is worth noting that precise GNSS/GPS position and application b rings with it the advantage of high degree of reliability. Although a single receiver is used, the increased redundancy of data collected usually helps in establishing wrong measurements. Similarly there is improved geometry as well as convergence time. Lastly the technology has dual frequency observation which helps in coming up with ionosphere-free linear combination of original observations thus doing away with the effects of ionosphere (Ovstedal, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disadvantages It has been noted with concern that when dealing with indifference observation in precise GNSS/GPS positioning there is no possibility of correcting the carrier phase ambiguities. This means that these ambiguities need to be always approximated in what is referred to as float solution (Leandro Santos, 2006). It is worth remembering that the initialization time of about 20 minute s need for the float position to be converged into centimetre accuracy has led to a limited application of GNSS/GPS data in applications that require real time data. As suggested by Niell, 1996 another problem with precise GNSS/GPS positioning is that the coordinates generated are usually in the same global reference frame as that of the sending satellite. Considering the fact that the user might need to change the coordinates into either local or regional frames so that it can be applicable to various mapping application; the process of transformation is quite challenging and might result to serious errors if the user is not careful. It is also with mentioning that the technique calls for unconventional corrections aimed at mitigating systematic errors which affects centimetre accuracy. Issues addressed include offset of the satellite antenna, site displacement effects among others. Due to the fact that the corrections are irregular, data generated by two individuals might be diffe rent (Kouba Heroux, 2001). References Kouba, J. Heroux, P., 2001. GPS Precise Point Positioning Using IGS Orbit Products, GPS Solutions, vol.5, no.2, pp. 12-28. Leandro, F. Santos, M., 2006. Wide area based precise point positioning. Proceedings of ION GNSS 2006, 26–29 September 2006. Fort Worth, Texas, pp. 2272–2278.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Niell, A., 1996. Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths. J Geophys Res, vol. 101, no. B2, pp. 3227–3246. Ovstedal, O., 2002. Absolute Positioning with Single Frequency GPS Receivers, GPS Solutions, vol.5, no.4, pp. 33-44. Zumberge, J., Heflin, M., Jefferson, C., Watkins, M. Webb, F., 1998. Precise Point Positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks, J. Geophysical R esearch, vol.102, no. B3, pp. 5005-5017. This essay on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications was written and submitted by user Casen Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Canadian Dollar Fluctuations essays

Canadian Dollar Fluctuations essays The Canadian dollar has declined by over thirty percent versus the United States dollar, since it was at its highest in 1970. The reason for this is mainly the following factors: the Quebec factor, the inflation factor, the productivity factor, the growth in government and taxes factor, and the commodity price factor. These all come together to bring us to what the Canadian dollar is worth compared to the U.S. dollar today. The Quebec factor is partly responsible for the decline. It is no coincidence that the Canadian dollar began its descent to 69 cents in November 1976. ¹ That was the month in which the Parti Quebecois shocked political observers by winning the Quebec provincial election. It was the first, and still only, party explicitly committed to separation to assume the reins of power in Quebec City. While it is generally agreed that there is a risk premium built into the Canadian dollar because of the threat of separation, no one believes that threat is responsible for the whole, or even the bulk, of the currency's decline. ² The Canadian dollar is much lower because of separation because of what happened during the 1980 Quebec referendum. At the beginning of the campaign, in March 1980, polls showed the Yes side leading. In response, the Canadian dollar very quickly dropped from 87 cents to 83 cents. But in May, when the No side won a resounding 60-40 per cent victory over the separatists, the Canadian dollar leaped back up. It was at 87 cents again in June. The currency's movement in that period suggests a minimum 4 cent risk premium because of This is roughly consistent with what happened in the subsequent October 1995 referendum. On the night of the referendum, the television networks were showing the Yes side with a substantial lead. The Canadian dollar immediately dropped a cent. Then, however, the votes from Montreal were counted and t...

Topic and apa review of literture narctics Essay

Topic and apa review of literture narctics - Essay Example Also, massive corruption and inadequate legislation on drug trafficking have perpetrated drug smuggling in the country. With improving law enactment in regions of operation of the cartels, the immense power, which the cartels had in 1990s, is slowly diminishing. However, Mexico still remains a den for drug barons and most of the drug cartels are still in operation despite incarcerations and killings of their founders. Mexican Drug Cartels Introduction The drug cartels have been in constant pursuit of regional control against forces of the Mexican government. The government focus has been to exterminate the gruel murders that result from powerful drug cartels duels. The Mexican government has for long focused on ending the fight between drug moguls rather than stopping drug trafficking, particularly into the U.S. The Mexican Drug Cartels can be traced back to several decades ago. However, they have been increasingly gaining power since the demise of Colombia’s Cali and Medellin cartels during 1990s (The National, 2011). Currently, the Mexican Drug Cartels dominate illicit drug market and control about 90 percent of illegal drugs smuggled into the U.S. this paper explores The Mexican Drug cartels and the reasons for their existence. Drug Production and Trafficking Marijuana, heroine, cocaine and methamphetamine, are the main drugs that drug barons smuggle across the border between the U.S. and Mexico (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). Marijuana and opium are grown in Mexico in plenty. According to Shanty and Mishra (2008), the quantity of marijuana supplied to the U.S. at one time from Mexico was approximately 95 percent of the overall marijuana consumed in the U.S. Presently, Mexico smuggles less than half the marijuana supplied to the United States. However, almost all cocaine that is smuggled into the United States first goes through Mexico before reaching the U.S. Most of the cocaine transported to the U.S. are airlifted or shipped from Colombia into Mexico befo re being smuggled across the U.S.-Mexico border (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). â€Å"About one-third of all heroine that enters the United States is developed from opium poppy plants grown in Mexico† (Shanty & Mishra, 2008, p.332). Mexico also established an attractive market for methamphetamine manufactured from precursor chemicals, which the Mexican government does not strictly regulate their importation. The chemicals are imported from countries like India, China and the U.S. The vast number of individuals, who cross the border into the U.S. daily, complicates the extent to which the government can control the flow of illegal drugs into the country (Grillo, 2012). For instance, approximately 295 million people, 88 million automobiles and 4.5 million trucks cross the U.S-Mexico boundary each year. Out of this estimation, just 10 vehicles are stopped and less this number is checked (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). Also, massive corruption among government officials encourage drug traffick ing in the country (Grillo, 2012; Klabin, 2013). In 1980s, drug smuggling was facilitated by drug consortiums that offered services to Colombian cartels for a fee of about $1,000-$2,000 for every kilogram of cocaine (Shanty & Mishra, 2008). Owing to the high level of risks in the trade, the syndicates demanded for a large chunk of profit share. Within a short span, the Mexican drug cartels were getting up to more than half the profits generated from cocaine trade. This lucrative gain enabled the Mexican drug cartels to take over as chief suppliers of cocaine. They also

Concept of Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concept of Marriage - Essay Example People in many African countries continue to practice polygamy and according to scholars, incidents of polygamy or plural marriage are highest in West Africa, where Senegal and Ghana have the â€Å"highest level of polygamy† at between 30 and 50% of all marriages (Hayase & Liaw 300). Despite the statistics, on a global scale, the traditional marriage between one man and one woman is the most common form of marriage. Proponents of traditional marriage argue that marriage is an institution which has stood the test of time and is a fundamental social institution. They believe that marriage between one man and one woman serves a variety of social purposes including the procreation of children, the establishment of a â€Å"stable household for raising children† and the promotion of the nuclear family unit. They also establish that â€Å"children need both a male and female parent for proper development† (Kolasinski 3). Furthermore, many advocates for traditional marriage also argue that homosexuality is wrong and should not be encouraged by society. By conferring the right to marriage and the benefits of this union on same-sex couples, they argue that is exactly what society is doing. Advocates for gay marriage emphatically argue that it is a civil rights issue and since marriage bestows certain social benefits, denying gays the right to marry infringes on their rights to equality. They further argue that marriage is not intrinsically tied to procreation and point to examples of artificial insemination to prove that lesbian couples can also give birth and rear children. It is also argued that civil unions – in lieu of actual marriage – fall short of the equality standard and promote the idea that same-sex marriage is both separate and unequal. The Supreme Court in Canada recently struck down the Marriage Act on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and similar challenges are being made

Lil Wayne vs World Essay Example for Free

Lil Wayne vs World Essay During a CBS interview with rapper Lil Wayne, Katie Couric asks What does that mean, when you say Im a gangster? Wayne replied, â€Å"I dont take nothin from no one. I do what I wanna do, And Im gonna do that until the day I die. And if I cant do that, then Ill just die(All Access). Katie Couric and Lil Wayne sat down together on national television for an interview where two people of vastly different backgrounds had a conversation. Kwame Anthony Appiah, a professor in top Universities across the world, describes a conversation to be engagement with the experience and ideas of others. Also, the more dissimilar the backgrounds are the more information can be exchanged between two people. â€Å"America’s Sweetheart† Katie Couric and ‘Weezy’ (Lil Wayne) are undeniably two very different people. Seemingly their only similarity is their fame. Although as their interview progresses one can see how they are able to connect and exchange their own cultures with one another. The famous Lil Wayne is far from average, making this and all of his exchanges other extremely valuable to cosmopolitanism exposing his miscellany to the masses. By the end of the interview, although not necessarily in agreement, they both seem to have an understanding of one another accomplishing the main goal of conversation. Any person who is somewhat familiar with hip-hop should know who Lil Wayne is. 28-year-old Lil Wayne is loved by millions of teenagers for his music with his recent album The Carter III being the highest selling album in 2009. By default Lil Wayne is a role model, anyone with his amount of fame and recognition is going to have influence on others. What makes Lil Wayne a unique role model is that he is not the standard ‘liked by all’ leader that most mothers would approve of. Rapper Lil Wayne has been arrested for possession of drugs and illegal weapons three times with the third putting him in jail. A majority of his raps consist of drugs, money, and sex. Is this a role model teenage fans should follow? These aren’t typical traits that one would normally see in a role model but his unconformity is what defines him and makes him the icon he is. In countless interviews and talk shows Lil Wayne is asked about his notorious drug abuse. He gives the same response each time showing no shame, I will stand up for marijuana any day Im a rapper. That’s who I am†¦ I am a gangster and I do what I want. And I love to smoke. And I smoke(all access). In his mind what he does is not wrong and as Kwame Anthony Appiah understands, â€Å"A good deal of what we intuitively take to be right, we take to be right just because it is what we are used to.† Who can say that what Lil Wayne does is wrong? Right and wrong at the most basic level is man made. What he believes is right is what makes him happy, and it is only because we are used to marijuana being illegal or we are used to frowning upon his life style that it is considered â€Å"wrong.† For someone who does a lot of ‘wrongs,’ he is overwhelmingly successful. Lil Wayne has a net worth of 75 million dollars, â€Å"Following the drop of his sixth studio album Tha Carter III in 2008 he was nominated for eight Grammy’s, the most for any artist that year taking home four awards. Wayne†¦ was named #2 on MTV’s list of hottest MC’s in the game behind Brooklyn bred rapper Jay-Z† (Celebnetworth). Lil Wayne is only 28 years old yet h as more success than most can ever dream of obtaining. â€Å"Some call him the best rapper to ever live others say he’s self-destructive but whatever you believe Lil Wayne has become a staple in American music and will remain there, indefinitely†(Celebnetworth). People aren’t used to a successful â€Å"gangster† like Lil Wayne coming from nothing and breaking the law while reaching the top. Lil Wayne embraces his vice-filled lifestyle, and thrives off of it. Like his hit song ‘I’m me’ expresses â€Å"Baby, Im me, so who you? Youre not me, youre not me.†(metrolyrics) He knows he is one of a kind and he knows he is the best. This is the attitude that attracts so many of his fans. His confidence and arrogance is what really defines him and his success just adds to his ego. While arrogance is not usually good, he gives off a confidence that many people can learn from when engaging in any of his conversations. At first look he may not appear to be very intelligent, but what many people do not realize is that Lil Wayne received straight A’s while in school. For me, it was always a way of showing someone my intelligence, a way of showing someone who I really am, Wayne says about his music(all access). When listening to Lil Wayne converse with Katie Couric, he is actually a very articulate speaker. Even through his lyrics one can see how descriptively he express his mind. Even the way he creates his rhymes is impressive. Lil Wayne never writes lyrics down before he records his songs. Every time he records a new song he raps impromptu, putting together rhymes as he goes. The ability to think that quickly and produce coherent thoughts unrehearsed in the form of music is astounding. The majority of people I’m sure do not know this about Lil Wayne and would never think of him as genuinely very intelligent. His intelligence confuses most people who immediately profile this black thuggish rapper as brainless. As Appiah understands â€Å"Understanding one another may be hard†(25). To fully understand Lil Wayne or any person is not easy, and those hidden characteristic of people, such as Lil Wayne’s genius, is what conversation can unveil. The complexity of this 28-year-old rapper allows for extremely beneficial conversation, changing first impressions and providing new perceptions. Lil Wayne uses music to reach the world exposing his intelligence and talent to millions. I believe that music is another form of news, he tells CBS News anchor Katie Couric. Music is another form of journalism to me so I have to cover all the areas with my album(allaccess). In many of his songs Lil Wayne will address current events. Katrina was a very sensitive subject to many and Lil Wayne having grown up there and lost ones who were close to him as shown in his lyrics. â€Å"To those restin in peace, those dead and deceased, soon again we meet†(metrolyrics). Lil Wayne donated $200,000 To Hurricane Katrina Relief Project to help the area where he grew up(Gigwise). Through the medium of his music he expresses his feelings, and has a vast amount of influence. This is what Appiah believes is necessary; to influence others and exchange ones own ideas like little Wayne does through his music quoted above. Whether people like it or not Lil Wayne is a leader. There is a reason he is so loved by his fans and has had so much success. He is a success himself and what people all over the globe strive to achieve. Alternatively when examining his habits and way of going about life it is hard see him as a positive influence in any respect. He does illegal drugs, possesses illegal weapons, and is known to be a womanizer in many of his lyrics. Recently he was arrested for possession of weapons without a permit. To many teens this looks â€Å"cool† and just adds to his notoriety. Illegal activity isn’t the key to success for most people, yet as he proclaimed, he is a gangster and can do what he wants when he wants. This cocky attitude gets him in a lot of trouble, but it also fuels his greatness. With every hero there is a flaw and Lil Wayne’s flaw is breaking the law. Most of his followers understand that some of his actions we should follow; instead following his confidence and individualism that yield success in an increasin gly competitive world. During the CBS interview Katie Couric asked if he views himself as a positive role model, Lil Wayne replied, I’m not an example for how people should live their lives, Never in my life would I ever set out to be an example for people on how to live their lives. If you need an example for how to live, then you just shouldn’t have been born.† Practicing what he preaches Lil Wayne does not live for anyone but himself. It is this attitude that intrigues people and causes conversation. Every time he makes a new song that tops the billboard charts he is reaching out and sharing himself with the world. Lil Wayne has conversation everyday when he makes his music, sharing himself with many different types of people each with their own varying backgrounds. Appiah would agree that Lil Wayne is someone people of differing cultures can learn from being as unique as he is. His uniqueness allows for good conversation by crossing boundaries like done in the CBS interview with Katie Couric, while still being able to connect easily with society as shown through his fame. Lil Wayne has always been himself and while many times misunderstood he will keep being Weezy F Baby, â€Å"The Best Rapper Alive.†

American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Essay -- Health Medicine Beauty

American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is not a new field of medicine. Traditionally, plastic surgery dealt with fixing abnormalities of the body, but recently people are enjoying the luxury of plastic surgery simply because they are not happy with their appearance. People make appointments with plastic surgeons for procedures such as rhinoplasty, liposuction, tummy tucks, face lifts, and most commonly breast augmentation. These people look forward to desired results from such procedures without considering the risks. Many risks accompany plastic surgery, but they are rarely discussed in the media. Death is even a possible conclusion of the surgery. Why would people subject themselves to such conditions as having their face swollen for weeks, barely being able to walk, and the excruciating pain that comes after they awaken from surgery? Even more important is the question, why are teenagers becoming more and more eager to get plastic surgery operations performed on themselves? Sometimes teenagers have certain features that can benefit from plastic surgery, but most of the time society makes teenagers have an altered sense of the perfect body image. In reality, the perfect body image is something that does not exist. Plastic surgeons comment about how common it is to meet a young patient who would like to have features of their favorite celebrities. Young women want Jennifer Lopez’s bottom, Jennifer Aniston’s nose, and Britney Spears’ facial features. Young men would like to have Brad Pitt’s facial features. To me, such expectations seem implausible. God made me the way I am. I would not change a thing. But I am sure that at one time the teenagers who are receiving these procedures believed th... ... life is simply to learn to love yourself just the way you are. So the bottom line is: Teenagers should be educated by society on the dangers of plastic surgery. They should be aware of the bad as well as the good. But, when it comes down to the decision whether or not to have plastic surgery, I hope that teenagers will use their better judgment and not the judgment of other people as a factor. Works Cited Bermant, Michael, â€Å"Cosmetic Plastic Surgery in Teens.† American Board of Plastic Surgery (2004). 31 Aug. 2004 . Davis, Robert, â€Å"Teens' cosmetic dreams don't always come true.† USA Today (2004). 2 Oct. 2004 . Dolan, Deidre, â€Å"The Kindest Cut: Teens and Plastic Surgery.† The New York Observer (2004). 4 Oct. 2004 .

Fresh Food Compared to Canned Food Essay

Eating is something that we do on a daily basis, which makes the food that we choose to consume an important part of our health and life style. Eating food that is unhealthy for us, as well as consuming to much food can lead to numerous health risks. When we eat, we typically take the easy way out and consume foods that are unhealthy. So, when we are out at the store deciding what food we should purchase think of the benefits you would get from something fresh or something canned. We should all take a minute and consider the flavor, health benefits, and the cost of what we are about to digest. Fresh food is something that seems to have a significant advantage when it comes to flavor. If we are going to choose fresh foods over canned we will be enjoying the foods natural flavor and taste rather than chemically processed foods. Fresh foods contain vitamins as well as antioxidants that are all natural, which gives it the natural flavor. Canned foods do not have as much flavor, most of the time chemicals are added which takes away from the taste and flavor that the food has naturally. Canned foods are more likely to have artificial flavor. Health is another factor to look at when considering what type of food to we should consume. When we choose to eat canned or processed foods we are not receiving all of the healthy and natural nutrients that fresh food gives. Processed foods tend to contain large amounts of sodium, which can contribute to health risks such as high blood pressure. While fresh foods often provide us with fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which is what we need to help us function on a daily basis. (See Reference) Money can be a factor when purchasing food which is why cost is the final difference between canned and fresh foods that we should consider. When buying fresh foods especially, if the food is in season, we will see a significant price difference. The price difference between the two is caused by all the processing that a canned food has to go through to be able to last longer on the shelf. Yes, having the ability to go to the store and buy a â€Å"TV dinner† for dinner would be easier than preparing it yourself; however, the cost will probably be higher. Basically, it is our choice in what we want to consume food wise but flavor, health benefits, and cost should be taken into consideration. Fresh food has better taste and is not artificially flavored, if in season may cost less, and can also be healthier for you than canned foods. Anything though is better than choosing the easy way out. Take time and consider everything. References Retrieved from: http://www. livestrong. com/article/260270-nutrition-differences-canned-foods-vs-fresh-produce/.

Poverty Household Children - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 26 Words: 7767 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: School Essay Did you like this example? The relationship between poverty and childhood wellbeing in Great Britain Introduction This paper explores the relationship between childhood well-being and poverty. Using structural equation modelling a multidimensional picture of child well-being is developed which is linked to previous work on multidimensional poverty indicators at household level (Tomlinson et al. forthcoming). Following a brief literature review of childhood poverty and well-being research, there follows an analysis of several waves of the British Household Panel Study a valuable source of data collected directly from children as well as adults in the same households. The paper attempts to map the experience of poverty at household level and relate it to the childs well-being. Rather than seeing poverty as a facet of child well-being, as other researchers often do, this work conceptually distinguishes between the two and shows how they are linked. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Poverty Household Children" essay for you Create order Following the literature review various structural equation models are estimated that measure different dimensions of child well-being. These dimensions are then related to other aspects of the childs life including the experience of poverty, age and gender, household composition, income, parental education and employment status. The effects of poverty are broken down into more detailed dimensions and the relative impact of each dimension is discussed. Finally, the models are used to inform targeting strategies with respect to child welfare policy. Crucially the differential impact of various potential policy instruments is assessed through the models. Mainstream child poverty research Since New Labour took office and pledged to eliminate child poverty by 2020 a myriad of policy changes and political statements has been issued to address the problems associated with poverty and deprivation during childhood. Indeed the costs of child poverty and its immediate and future effects are becoming increasingly alarming. For instance, recent research has found that poor children are more likely to get into trouble inside and outside school and more likely to be involved in drug abuse (ONS 2002). The direct costs of this are estimated to be considerable. For example: 6000 for a 6 month non-custodial sentence 21000 for a custodial sentence of 6 months Cost of attending pupil referral unit: 10000/year Drug programmes cost on average 15000/person over a 4 year period (Source: Godfrey et al. 2004) Much of the literature relating to child poverty in the UK has focussed around two areas: first the identification of households where risk is greatest and second, the so-called scarring of children and the transmission of disadvantage into adulthood. With respect to the former it is now well known that poor children in particular are more likely to come from the following types of household: Workless households Benefit dependent households Lone parent families Low income households Families with younger children are more likely to be poor Large families Ethnic minority households Those in rented accommodation See, for example, Hirsch (2006a), Lloyd (2006). In addition Bradshaw (2006a) has extensive breakdowns of poverty rates for different social groups with children; Platt (2007) has an analysis of ethnicity, employment and child poverty; large families are extensively discussed in Iavacou and Berthoud (2006) and so on. In other words it is no longer an issue of identifying which types of environment from a household perspective are important, but rather moving towards a measurement model that can assess the impacts of the various dimensions associated with poverty on the child and its well-being. This is the approach taken in this paper. With respect to the second set of literature on scarring and transmission, the impact of poverty on a childs future life-chances has also been extensively researched. Moreover, these impacts appear to have increased as child poverty increased during the 1980s and 1990s (Fahmy, 2006). Gregg and Wadsworth (2001) have noted the increased polarisation of working versus non-working households and the effects that this has had on poverty rates. That is the growth of dual-earner versus no-earner households. Using cohort studies such as the British Cohort Study (BCS) and National Child Development Study (NCDS), a series of papers has shown that low income in childhood leads to poor educational attainment in later life. For example, see Blanden and Gregg (2004) which also provides a useful review of the US literature on this topic. Gregg and Machin (2000) and Glennester (1995) come to similar conclusions. Fahmy has also reviewed the literature with respect to youth poverty (youth being defined as being aged 16-25). The consequences of poverty identified for this group, referred to as hazardous transitions into adulthood, include: A high probability of becoming a NEET (not in employment, education or training see Istance et al 1994 for an earlier study) A bad career track (Craine 1997) A reduced level of citizenship and civic participation (Dean 1997) A higher risk of homelessness (Smith 1999, see also Flouri and Buchanan, 2004) Stewart has also documented various consequences of child poverty in later life. Adding low self-esteem, low expectations, reduced educational attainment, benefit dependency and poor labour market outcomes to the list. See Stewart, (2005) and also Hobcraft (1998) and Ermisch et al. (2001). While all this work is very convincing and commendable there is relatively little literature relating child poverty in the here and now and its immediate impact on the life and environment of the child. It is almost as if this were less important than the future costs. However, there is also a growing interest in the current well-being of children and its measurement. Early literature on this is extensively reviewed in Pollard and Lee (2002). This covers definitions of well-being, the indicators developed and instruments used in the measurement process. Moreover, two recent special issues of Social Indicators Research (SIR, 2007a, 2007b) have already been devoted exclusively to the topic (and a third issue is on the way). Interestingly, one strand of this work relates to human rights which shows the level of importance now being attached to these issues. Bradshaw et al. (2007) discuss concepts of well-being which are predicated on the UN convention on the rights of the child (UNCRC). Essentially this accepts the multi-dimensional nature of well-being from at least four perspectives: first that it is non-discriminatory, second that it is in the best interests of the child, third that it relates to the childs survival and development, and fourth that it respects the views of the child (Bradshaw et al 2007: 134). The link to poverty and deprivation is sometimes made explicit in this literature: for example, child well-being and deprivation represent different sides of the same coin, Bradshaw et al. (2007). On the other hand, US, and very recent British, research shows well-being to be related to, but not the same as childhood poverty (Land et al., 2006; Bradshaw and Mayhew, 2005) for reasons that are not well-understood, but which probably include protective behaviour by parents (e.g., Flouri, 2004) and individual resilience (e.g., Masten and Coatsworth, 1998, Masten, 2001). Thus there is confusion about the relationship between well-being and poverty. Sometimes poverty is cited as a specific dimension of well-being, and sometimes as a separate concept entirely. For example, Bradshaw et al. (2007) have developed an eightfold classification of child well-being and generated one composite summary indicator from internationally comparable data. The eight dimensions being: Material well-being Housing Health Subjective well-being Education Relationships Civic participation Risk and safety These are measured by standardised scores which are added together to form the individual indices and an overall summary index which is then used for international comparison. There is then no accepted or uncontroversial measure of child well-being. The general thrust of the debate is that child well-being must be measured along several dimensions and poverty (or particular dimensions of poverty such as material deprivation) is sometimes included and sometimes not. The approach taken in this paper is somewhat different in that the two concepts are kept completely distinct as explained in more detail below. The measurement of poverty and well-being The approach here uses two sets of measures reflecting two aspects of the situation of children living in British households. First of all we measure poverty at the household level using structural equation models. This is done along several dimensions using data from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) and is discussed in Tomlinson et al. (forthcoming). The dimensions are: financial strain, material deprivation, the environment, psycho-social strain, civic participation and social isolation. These are combined into an overall weighted index referred to as the Poverty Index (PI). Second we use structural equation models to measure various dimensions of childhood well-being. We are restricted in the questions that are asked and cannot include all the dimensions listed by Bradshaw et al. (2007). However, we measure four different aspects of child well-being including home life which relates to family relationships and parental control (similar to Bradshaws relationships dimension), educational orientation (again similar to Bradshaw et al.), anxiety (based in part on Bradshaws subjective well-being indicator) and delinquency (which also relates to risk and safety). However, a crucial difference with our approach is that we treat dimensions such as material well-being and housing as aspects of household level poverty rather than childhood well-being. Thus we keep poverty and well-being conceptually distinct and analyse the relations between the two. It is the association between these four measures of child well-being and the numerous measures of poverty already developed that is the ultimate focus of the paper. In summation we take a multidimensional approach to both well-being and poverty and we examine the correlates of poverty with a childs current well-being. In this way we can assess the impacts of poverty on the childs immediate social environment and state of mind rather than what the future might hold. Models which can link together different aspects of poverty with various aspects of childrens livelihoods will assist in developing strategies to alleviate some of these problems. In other words we identify which aspects of poverty have the most serious impacts on the child (and hence will probably affect their future life chances to the greatest extent). Using structural equation models (SEM) There are now many academics using more advanced statistical techniques to measure poverty from a multi-dimensional perspective (e.g., Jenkins and Cappellari, 2007, Tomlinson et al., forthcoming, Whelan et al. 2007a, 2007b). These techniques, such as item response theory, structural equation modelling and latent class analysis, can be used not only to analyse which families with children are actually in poverty, but also which particular aspects of this poverty are more intense (such as bad housing, material deprivation, financial strain and so on). This is the approach taken in this paper with respect to the measurement of poverty and the measurement of child well-being the two being linked together within a coherent methodological framework and then related specifically to policy and policy targeting. Like the more traditional method of factor analysis, a SEM reduces a large number of observed variables to a smaller number of factors. However, in a SEM the variables are conceptualised as observed manifestations of an underlying or latent dimension. Each observed variable in a SEM also has an error term associated with it, allowing measurement error to be isolated and controlled for in a way that is impossible with factor analysis. But, most importantly, a SEM requires a strong theoretical justification before the model is specified. Thus the researcher decides which variables are to be associated with which latent unobserved factors in advance. There are two fundamental types of SEM used to measure or test the validity of latent concepts first and second order confirmatory factor analysis models (CFAs). We use first order CFAs below to measure child well-being. A first order CFA simply attempts to measure preordained underlying latent concepts. The left side of figure 1 shows a simple CFA which has two latent unobserved variables: L1, material deprivation; and L2, financial strain. L1 is measured by the observed variables V1 to V4 and L2 is measured by variables V5 to V7. The single headed arrows represent coefficients or loadings in the model and are usually shown in standardised form much like beta coefficients in regression analysis. The covariance between material deprivation (L1) and financial strain (L2) is represented by the double headed arrow. The associated error terms are shown as the circles labelled e1 to e7. Using statistical techniques such as maximum likelihood estimation and making assumptions about the di stributions of the variables and error terms in the model, the coefficients and covariances can be estimated. In all SEMs a variety of fit statistics is available to assess the validity of the models constructed (see Klein, 2005, Byrne, 2001). Usually it is assumed that the observed variables in the model are continuous and that the distribution of the variables is multivariate normal. More recently available software is beginning to allow the explicit modelling of categorical, binary and censored variables (such as MPlus which is used in this study). Models of this kind can be made as complex as necessary to describe real-world situations and employ many latent variables and various interactions between them. Covariates or controls can also be applied to the overall measurement models to assess differences between groups or to assess the impact of a particular variable on the latent concepts under consideration. Furthermore, scores can be generated for the unobserved latent variables. These scores are analogous to the factor scores obtained using factor analysis. The BHPS and the measurement of childhood well-being The analysis that follows utilizes data from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) and follows the methods discussed in Tomlinson et al. (forthcoming). The BHPS commenced in 1991 with an initial sample of around 10,000 individuals resident in some 5,000 households. These individuals have subsequently been re-interviewed each year and the sample has also been extended to include more households from Scotland and Wales and to embrace Northern Ireland (although Northern Ireland is excluded from this analysis). The data can be weighted to provide an accurate picture of life in Great Britain at different points in time. The analysis here covers the period 1997, 1999 and 2001 (i.e. BHPS waves 7, 9 and 11) and draws on information concerning the following topics for the measurement of poverty: income, finances and benefits; stress; material deprivation; general housing and neighbourhood characteristics and social exclusion and civic participation. The level of poverty at household level is measured by the responses given by the head of household and calculated as detailed in Tomlinson et al. (forthcoming). Each individual dimension of poverty as well as an overall score (the Poverty Index) is computed via a SEM for each household with children. Households with heads under 18 years of age or over 64 years of age are excluded from the sample analysed to calculate poverty scores. We also use a unique data resource available within the BHPS and consistently applied across the three waves. Children aged between 11 and 15 within these households were also asked to complete a separate questionnaire which forms the basis for the measurement models of child well-being. Questions included relate to home life, schooling, anxiety and psychological aspects of life, social isolation and delinquent behaviour. Estimating a structural equation model of childhood well-being As with the measurement of our multi-dimensional poverty index we attempted to create measures of multidimensional childhood well-being using 1st order CFAs based on the responses given by the 11 to 15 year olds in the BHPS panel for the years 1997, 1999 and 2001. The models have been estimated separately for all three waves. Questions change significantly in other available waves and these waves have not been included in the present analysis. The four dimensions of well-being are estimated using the following variables (which are all measured as ordinal scales except the variable relating to suspension from school which is binary): 1. Home life is a measure of the childrens relations to their parents and family and how much control the parents have over them: How much children talk to their parents How much control parents exercise over TV How much the family share meals together 2. Educational orientation is a measure of how well the child is doing at school and their attitudes to teachers and so on: How much the child likes his/her teachers Whether the teachers get at me General feelings about school Whether the child is doing well at school 3. Anxiety is a measure of the childs psychological health and feeling of self-worth Whether the child feels unhappy Whether the child has lost sleep How useless the child feels How much of a failure the child feels Whether the child feels no good The extent to which the child feels lonely The extent to which the child is left out of activities 4. Delinquency is an attempt to measure aspects of criminal tendencies or anti-social behaviour: Whether the child has ever been suspended from school How often the child plays truant How much experience the child has with smoking cigarettes Whether the child vandalises property Whether the child has friends that use illegal drugs (there is no direct question about the respondents own drug use) A first order confirmatory factor analysis model was estimated to measure the four dimensions (see figure 2 for an example from wave 11) and further models developed with controls for gender and age of the child and the overall Poverty Index of the head of household. We attempted this with each of the three waves of the BHPS, but all three models gave similar results and good fit indices. The model estimation was done using MPlus 4 with the observed variables being treated as ordinal rather than continuous where appropriate. Results and discussion of the basic model The first order models produce a good fit to the data (see Table 1) and the coefficients on the observed variables are all in the expected direction and all statistically significant at the 1% level. Some error terms were allowed to co-vary as illustrated in the figure based on very high modification indices in the initial modelling attempts. Examining the latent constructs themselves and the correlations between them reveals the relationships between the various dimensions of well-being. That is educational orientation is strongly associated with parental influence and negatively associated with anxiety and delinquency. Delinquency is also positively associated with anxiety etc. (Table 1). Table 1Fit statistics and correlations for the simple models (wave 11) Fit statistics: (N=1201) Without controlsWith controls Chi-square 426.959 (79 d.f.)639.104 (130 d.f.) CFI0.9370.902 TLI0.9550.921 RMSEA0.0570.057 Correlations between latent variables in controlled model (all significant at 1%): Home life Educational Orientation Anxiety Educational Orientation +.54 Anxiety -.18 -.36 Delinquency .63 -.54 +.22 The controlling variables are also salient. Girls are more anxious than boys, but have better educational orientation and relations with their parents. There is no significant difference between girls and boys with respect to delinquency. The age controls show that home life diminishes with age, while delinquency increases. Children of 11 and 12 also have stronger educational orientation than their older peers. However, the most striking result is that poverty (measured by our composite multidimensional index) has a highly significant and detrimental effect on all four of the well-being dimensions. That is it contributes to anxiety and delinquency and detracts from educational orientation and home life. Thus we can show that poverty has a serious debilitating effect on child well-being in the here and now. The relative importance of poverty for each dimension of well-being is also evident. The strongest effect appears to be on home life (0.22) followed by educational orientation (0.1 3). The impact on anxiety and delinquency is less strong (both at 0.10), but still highly significant. Thus we can show that the overall impact of the experience of poverty appears to affect home life and education the most while still having an effect on anxiety and anti-social behaviour. However, one of the issues we wish to deal with (not least from a policy targeting perspective) is to see which sub-dimensions of poverty are the most salient with respect to child well-being. For example, as we have measured poverty in a multidimensional way, which particular dimensions have the biggest impact? In our previous measurement work we developed several indicators of multidimensional poverty. Namely the poverty index is a weighted summation of several sub-indices: financial strain based on bad finances and missed housing payments material deprivation based on the levels of material possessions in the household and whether the household could afford to do certain things the environment which is based on a combination of housing and neighbourhood characteristics social isolation based on lack of social support civic participation based on participation in civic life psycho-social strain based on stress, mental health and anxiety The most desirable way to test the effects of the various dimensions on well-being would be to include them all as covariates in a measurement model similar to that shown in figure 2. However, because the various dimensions of poverty are highly correlated with each other this presents problems for the estimation (that is there is a multicollinearity issue). Rather than attempt to do this, individual models have been estimated with each sub-dimension of poverty included by itself in place of the overall poverty index in a similar fashion to the model in Figure 2. The relative sizes and significance of the coefficients relating to the individual sub-dimensions of poverty will allow an assessment to be made as to which elements of poverty are the most serious with respect to the childs welfare. The results are summarised in figure 3 (this is a diagrammatic summary of results from wave 11 (2001) and shows only the significant effects). The results show that different aspects of poverty have different effects on the various aspects of well-being. For example, the financial dimension affects all the aspects of well-being whereas material deprivation only affects two (being detrimental to home life and increasing delinquency). A poor environment in terms of bad housing or neighbourhood results in reduced quality of home life, increased anxiety and delinquency. By using these results it becomes clear that policy aimed at poverty reduction could in principle be targeted in particular ways that would have different benefits as far as the diverse dimensions of child well-being are concerned. Improving the environment of children both within and outside the household may well have a greater overall impact on well-being than improving material deprivation. On the other hand if educational performance is the main criterion then financial strain, and civic participation of the household become the key areas. If home life is seen to be the main issue then finance, material deprivation, the stress of the parents, the environment and civic participation would be the key foci. This policy dimension is returned to below. It is also interesting to note that social isolation (a measure of social exclusion) of the head of household has no bearing on the four well-being indicators. However, there are also other controlling factors that can be incorporated in the models determining child well-being besides poverty, age and gender. Using the structural equation framework with covariates allows several alternative model specifications to take into account different offsetting factors with respect to child welfare. There is already evidence from the UK that certain situations in childhood can buck the trend in reducing the negative outcomes of child poverty. For example, Blanden (2006) has shown that parental interest (mainly the father for boys and the mother for girls) has a positive impact on adult educational outcomes. She also shows that higher educational attainment early in the childs life has a positive impact later on as does the schools characteristics and the social mix of the childs school. So research has shown that there may be mediating effects (such as parenting or living in a good neighbourhood) that offset the deleterious impact of poverty and deprivation. For example, McCulloch and Joshi (2001) found using the National Child Development Survey that although poverty and living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods does correlate with lower test scores at school, the family environment and family support can offset this effect. In the US the extensive work of Aber and his colleagues has also shown that there are negative effects on child specific outcomes from poverty and material hardship and that cognitive and emotional outcomes are affected by low income and material hardship (e.g., Gershoff et al, n.d.), but that this is mediated by parental characteristics. With this idea of mediation in mind several alternative models have thus been estimated to take account of the following factors which are included as further controls in the models: Household composition (such as the presence of other children and single versus multiple adult households) Educational attainment of the household head Employment status of the head of household Income rather than multidimensional poverty indices The household composition model will enable an assessment of family relations and its impact on well-being. The education model will assess the impact of parental human capital irrespective of other considerations. While the employment and income models can be usefully compared with the Poverty Index model (in other words can income or employment status merely substitute for poverty)? These results are summarised in table 3 for wave 11 (2001). The models were essentially the same as shown in figure 2, but without including the Poverty Index as a control which confounded the income and employment status models (again because of multicollinearity). Household composition was tested by including a variable indicating whether the household was a single adult household (versus other types) and dummy variables representing the number of children in different age categories. The results show clearly the influence of adults is significant when it comes to home life and delinquency (whereas being a single adult household has no effect on anxiety or educational orientation). Single parent households are therefore at a possible disadvantage when it comes to controlling their children. Even when a control for income is included in this model in an attempt to separate out the impact of low income from single parenthood the single adult variable is still significant in the same way. The presence of other children or siblings appears to have no impact on the child respondents well-being. Education of the head of household also has an impact on home life and educational orientation of the child, but only where the household head is educated to a higher educational level (that is degree level). The models for employment status included variables for self-employed status, unemployed and non-employed (i.e. not working and not actively looking for a job). Clearly the household head not having a job has an effect on the childs well-being (although this is also correlated with the Poverty Index). In the case of being non-employed (which includes housewives, the disabled, and other economically inactive people) this has an impact on all four well-being dimensions to the detriment of the child whereas being unemployed only affects home life and delinquency. Self-employment has no effect. One possible explanation for the difference between unemployed and non-employed effects might be a reflection of the impact of long-term poverty and deprivation on children. That is those hou sehold heads that are not economically active for one reason or another and classed as non-employed rather than unemployed may well suffer from longer periods of chronic financial hardship, whereas the unemployed may be intermittently working and thus have experienced periods where they were no longer poor. Table 3Effects of various controls on the basic well-being model with various controls in addition to age and gender of the child (wave 11). Significance level is 1%. Standardised coefficients shown. Household composition Education of head Employment status head Household Income Significant impact on: Home 0.11 (Single adult household) +0.23 (Higher education) 0.11 (Unemployed) 0.11 (Non-employed) +0.16 Educational n.s. +0.15 (Higher education) 0.10 (Non-employed) +0.11 Anxiety n.s. n.s. +0.07* (Non-employed) n.s. Delinquency +0.09 (Single adult household) n.s. +0.08 (Unemployed) +0.09 (Non-employed) 0.09* Fit: CFI .913 .904 .912 .908 TLI .929 .923 .930 .927 RMSEA .049 .052 .051 .055 n.s.: Not significant*=significant at 5% Finally income (here included as the logarithm of equivalised household income) behaves in a similar way to the Poverty Index although it does not have a significant effect on anxiety. This implies that the overall impact of poverty rather than just income alone has a stronger detrimental effect on the childs mental state. And as we have shown above, the various sub-dimensions of poverty can be shown to have differential impacts on the four dimensions of well-being. Thus suggesting that an income based model alone would be rather ineffective for a complete understanding of the relationship between child well-being and poverty and hence of limited use with respect to policy. It is to policy that we now turn in more detail. Potential policy impacts of the model Related to the measurement and identification of poor and needy children is the obvious issue of policy targeting (i.e. getting the help to those most in need and tailoring the type of help to meet various demands). Ultimately this involves trying to measure the costs and effectiveness of various policies. The government are committed to analysing and improving anti-poverty policies (a review of options relating to this is provided by Plewis and Hawkes, 2005). There has also been much recent work on simulating different taxation regimes, for example by IFS and others (IFS, 2004, Piachaud and Sutherland, 2001) and their impact on child poverty in particular. IFS have explored various scenarios to reduce child poverty and according to them the current set of policy measures will not nearly be enough to meet the governments objectives (this research is summarised in Hirsch 2006b). Recently Brewer et al. (2006) have made detailed reports on the costs. Both of these reports found the gove rnments strategy wanting in several respects. Another problem with policy targeting is that the indicators the government have decided to use (income and deprivation) are rather problematic. The income measures show quite wide fluctuations over time within households, and low income does not always correlate very well with deprivation (which can also be defined in a number of different ways). Ultimately policy aimed at long term poverty alleviation needs to focus more on longer term issues than it does currently (Lloyd 2006: 320). Other studies of the routes out of poverty echo this sentiment with respect to children: Kemp et al., 2004, Adelman et al., 2003, Hill and Jenkins, 2001, Piachaud 2001, Piachaud and Sutherland, 2001. Platt (2006) has also looked into the benefit dynamics of children. Using the child as the unit of analysis rather than the adult/household she showed that a much larger proportion of children suffer from recurrent spells of benefit dependency than a snapshot would reveal. She concluded that insecure incom e was the main problem and policy should target those with precarious income as well as those actually in poverty itself. Platt (2007) also analyses the limitations of current policy with respect to child poverty of different ethnic groupings which often have their own unique issues and problems. There has also been a strong emphasis on help for families, and single parents in particular (DWP 2007), through the tax credit and benefit system, but much of the governments thrust in the child poverty arena is focussed on getting workless parents back into employment while other aspects of the childs environment are ignored. Recent research in this area shows that this strategy is also not working very well. Yeo (2007) has analysed the impact of the New Deal for Lone Parents and found significant problems in the quality, type and stability of the employment on offer to lone mothers, for example. Recent US research has come to similar conclusions about the efficacy of this type of programme. A critical review of other policy instruments and their impact such as the minimum wage, working families tax credits, increases in child benefit, Surestart and so on can be found in Stewart (2005) and Hirsch (2006a, 2006b). Using the SEM methodology presented above what would be the impact of various policy options aimed at improving the well-being of children in the here and now which are not just based on simple income and deprivation measures? First of all it is difficult to disentangle the impact of various dimensions of poverty and their impacts by simply looking at the coefficients and correlations shown in figures 2 and 3. However, using scores on the well-being dimensions generated for the child sample and models estimated using continuous variables (which give similar results to categorical models) it is possible to assess the impact of changing various dimensions or controls on the outcomes. This has been attempted by looking at changes in the poverty index (and its sub-indices) and also looking at changes in income. The results of various scenarios are shown in tables 4 and 5. Table 4Impact of various household changes on child well-being Numbers in brackets refer to % of a standard deviation Dimension Mean S.D. Full deprivation to no deprivation Common deprivation to no deprivation Worst financial pressure to no financial pressure Worst housing to best housing Worst neighbourhood to best neighbourhood Total environmental effect Home life .26 .39 +0.10 (+26%) +0.01 (+3%) +0.24 (+62%) +0.09 (+23%) +0.07 (+18%) +0.16 (+41%) Educational .09 .46 +0.07 (+15%) +0.04 (+8%) +0.18 (+39%) +0.07 (+15%) +0.05 (+11%) +0.12 (+26%) Anxiety .11 .33 0.03 (9%) 0.00 (1%) 0.08 (24%) 0.03 (9%) 0.02 (6%) 0.05 (15%) Delinquency .19 .24 0.02 (8%) 0.00 (1%) 0.06 (25%) 0.02 (8%) 0.02 (8%) 0.04 (17%) Table 5Impact of household income changes on child well-being Numbers in brackets refer to % of a standard deviation Dimension Mean S.D. 50% median to median income 60% median to median income 70% median to median income 80% median to median income 90% median to median income Home life 1.24 .38 +0.08 (+21%) +0.06 (+16%) +0.04 (+11%) +0.03 (+8%) +0.01 (+3%) Educational .86 .47 +0.07 (+15%) +0.05 (+11%) +0.04 (+9%) +0.02 (+4%) +0.01 (+2%) Anxiety .04 .33 0.03 (9%) 0.01 (3%) 0.01 (3%) 0.00 (0%) 0.00 (0%) Delinquency .44 .24 0.02 (8%) 0.02 (8%) 0.01 (4%) 0.01 (4%) 0.00 (0%) Table 4 shows the impact on the well-being scores of changing the status of a household in various ways as measured with the poverty index. These are: moving from a completely materially deprived to a fully equipped household, moving from a relatively common level of deprivation to no deprivation, one which has the most intense financial hardship to one which has none, one which has the worst housing to one which has no housing problems, one which is in the worst kind of neighbourhood to one which has no problems, and finally a combined effect of improved housing and neighbourhood change (that is our total environmental dimension). The table shows the mean scores for the sample of children on each dimension and the standard deviation. The numbers in each subsequent column show the impact on the scores and the shift in the standard deviation of each dimension of well-being in percentage terms (in brackets). Assuming the standard deviation is a good standard measure of the effectivenes s of a change then these percentage figures are comparable between the four dimensions of well-being. We assume that a shift of one standard deviation marks a highly significant improvement. As the scores are not standardised and the means are not comparable (and moreover can be positive or negative) the standard deviation is the only way to make an easy comparison. The table shows that in terms of improving well-being, home life is the easiest to improve. The percentage shifts are all quite high whichever change is factored into the model. It can also be seen that reducing material deprivation has a bigger impact on home life and education than it does on anxiety and delinquency, but the impact of improving deprivation for all but the most severely deprived has little effect apart from on educational orientation. Similar results apply to housing and neighbourhood. Combining the effects of improved housing and neighbourhood also has a great impact on all four dimensions of well-being. The one impact that stands out the most is financial pressure. Alleviating financial pressure has the biggest impact of any of the other options. However if we just factor in income changes (Table 5) this is not so apparent. Thus income changes have to be placed within the context of the overall financial state of the household. Table 5 which is based on a model with controls for income rather than the poverty indices shows the effects of moving from various points in the income distribution up to median income levels (but without factoring in any other changes). Again income changes affect the home life dimension of well-being the most, and the effects on all dimensions of well-being tail off dramatically as a household approaches the median income point. This model demonstrates that relying on income rather than more detailed and multi-dimensional aspects of poverty (such as material deprivation, environment and financial strain) severely understates the impact that changes in the experience of poverty have on aspects of well-being. Conclusions Using the statistical techniques offered by the latest developments in structural equation modelling we have explored what is a complex picture of childhood well-being and how poverty in all its manifestations affects the different aspects of this. It is clear that there appears to be a direct relation between poverty (measured along several dimensions) and the well-being of children in the here and now. This research seriously strengthens the need to combat child poverty. Not only does the large body of research on scarring and transmission have to be taken note of, but also the immediate attitudes and orientation of children are significantly impacted on by poverty and deprivation experienced today. It is no wonder that poor children grow up to be disadvantaged adults when seen in the light of these results. In the introduction it was stated that the SEM methodology could assist in policy targeting strategies to improve the welfare of children. This does indeed seem to be the case. For example, from the results of this analysis we can see that the impact of the environmental dimension of poverty (which includes housing conditions, neighbourhood characteristics and so on) is important in the way that it impacts on many dimensions of well-being. Thus a targeted programme of urban regeneration would undoubtedly improve the lot of children across the board with respect to home life, educational performance, anxiety and bad behaviour. This is not to belittle other aspects of poverty identified as having an impact. Financial strain within households has an impact as does material deprivation, but in different ways. Ideally a well-rounded policy strategy would attempt to counteract all of the effects noted in our basic model. This would include financial support for those with children who cannot cope (especially single parents), but also encouraging the civic participation of parents, which had a surprisingly high impact on child well-being, and exploring ways in which the psychosocial strain of adults in poor households could be alleviated as this impacts negatively on the anxiety of the children in those households as well as undermining family cohesion. Finally the inadequacy of income as a measure of the impact of poverty is again revealed. Income by itself does not do as well at explaining the multi-faceted ways in which different aspects of the experience of poverty manifest themselves in children (or adults for that matter). Significant variation exists in the impacts of poverty depending on variations in housing and neighbourhood characteristics, material deprivation and the financial and emotional pressure suffered by poor households and so on. The imperative to eradicate child poverty is made all the more salient when looking at these results. This is not just because of the known scarring effects of child poverty in the future, but the detrimental impact poverty has on children in the here and now. According to this analysis poor children are more likely to do badly at school, have less effective control from parents and a detrimental home life, are isolated and anxious and also more likely to engage in anti-social behaviour (all other things being equal). However, as we have seen, according to recent research from IFS and others the current raft of measures in place will not allow the government to reach its child poverty targets. Thus the imperative to reach these targets must surely now be revisited with renewed vigour. References Adelman, L. Middleton, S. and Ashworth, K. (2003), Britains poorest children: Severe and persistent poverty and social exclusion, London: Save the Children supported by Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Blanden, J. (2006), Bucking the trend: What enables those who are disadvantaged in childhood to succeed later in life? DWP working paper No. 31, Leeds, Corporate Document Services. Blanden, J. and Gregg, P. (2004), Family income and educational attainment: a review of approaches and evidence from Britain, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(2):245-263 Bradshaw 2001 ed poverty the outcomes for children ESRC Occasional Paper 26, London: Family Policy Centre. Bradshaw, J. and Mayhew, E. (eds.) (2005), The Well-being of Children in the UK, 2nd ed., Save the Children, London. Bradshaw, J. (2006a), How has the child poverty rate and composition changed? York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Bradshaw, J. (2006b), A review of the comparative evidence on child poverty, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. and Richardson, D. (2007), An index of child well-being in the European union, Social Indicators Research, 80: 133-177. Brewer M., Brown J. and Sutherland H. (2006), Micro-simulating child poverty in 2010 and 2020, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Craine, S. (1997), The black magic roundabout: cyclical transitions social exclusion and alternative careers, in Mcdonald, R.M. (ed.) Youth, the underclass and social exclusion, London: Routledge. Dean, H. (1997), Underclassed or undermined? Young people and social citizenship, in Mcdonald, R.M. (ed.) Youth, the underclass and social exclusion, London: Routledge. DWP (2007), Working for children, London: HMSO. Ermisch, J., Francesconi, M. and Pevalin, D.J. (2001), Outcomes for children in poverty, DWP Research Report No. 158, Leeds: Corporate Document Services. Fahmy, E. (2006), Youth, poverty and social exclusion, in Pantazis, C., Gordon, D. and Levitas, R. (eds.) Poverty and social exclusion in Britain: The millennium survey, Bristol: Policy Press. Flouri, E. (2004), Subjective well-being in midlife: The role of involvement of and closeness to parents in childhood, Journal of Happiness Studies, 5: 335-358 Flouri, E. and Buchanan, A. (2004), Childhood families of homeless and poor adults in Britain: A prospective study, Journal of Economic Psychology, 25: 1-14. Gershoff E.T., Aber, J.L., Raver, C.C. and Lennon, M.C. (n.d.) Income Is Not Enough: Incorporating Material Hardship into Models of Income Associations with Parenting and Child Development, University of Michigan, mimeo. Glennester, H. (1995), British social policy since 1945, Oxford: Blackwells. Godfrey, C., Stewart, D. and Gossop, M. (2004), Economic analysis of the costs and consequences of the treatment of drug misuse: 2-year outcome data from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS), Addiction, 99:697-707. Gregg, P. and Machin, S. (2000), The relationship between childhood experiences, subsequent educational attainment and adult labour market performance, in Vleminckx, K. and Smeeding, T. (eds.) Child wellbeing in modern nations: what do we know? Bristol: Policy Press. Gregg, P. and Wadsworth, J. (2001) Everything you ever wanted to know about measuring worklessness and polarization at the household level but were afraid to ask, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, special issue, 63:777-806. Hill, M.S. and Jenkins, S.P. (2001), Poverty among British children: chronic or transitory? In Bradbury, B., Mickelwright, J. and Jenkins, S.P. (eds.) Falling in, climbing out: the dynamics of child poverty in industrialised countries, New York: Unicef. Hirsch, D. (2006a), The cost of not ending child poverty, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Hirsch, D. (2006b) What will it take to end child poverty? Firing on all cylinders, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Hobcraft, J. (1998), Intergenerational and Life-Course Transmission of Social Exclusion: Influences and Childhood Poverty, Family Disruption and Contact with the Police, CASE paper 15, London School of Economics. Iavacou, M. and Berthoud, R. (2006), The economic position of large families, DWP research report no 358, Leeds: Corporate Document Services. Istance, D, Rees, G. and Williamson, H. (1994), Young people not in education, training or employment in south Glamorgan, Cardiff: South Glamorgan Tec/University of Wales. Jenkins, S.P. and Cappellari, L. (2007), Summarising multiple deprivation indicators, Chapter 8, pp. 166-184, in Inequality and Poverty Re-examined, S.P. Jenkins and J. Micklewright (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, forthcoming. Kemp, P, Bradshaw, J., Dornan, P., Finch, N. and Mayhew, E. (2004), Routes out of poverty: a research review, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Land, K.C., Lamb, V.L., Meadows, S.O. and Taylor, A. (2006), Measuring trends in child well-being: An evidence-based approach, Social Indicators Research, 80: 105-132. Lloyd, E. (2006), Children, poverty and social exclusion, in Pantazis, C., Gordon, D. and Levitas, R. (eds.) Poverty and social exclusion in Britain: The millennium survey, Bristol: Policy Press. Masten, A.S. (2001), Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development, American Psychologist, 56: 227-38. Masten, A.S. and Coatsworth, J.D. (1998), The Development of Competence in Favorable and Unfavorable Environments: Lessons from Research on Successful Children, American Psychologist, 53: 205-20. McCulloch, A. and Joshi, H.E. (2001), Neighbourhood and family influences on the cognitive ability of children in the British National Child Development Study, Social Science and Medicine, 53(5): 579-591. ONS (2002), Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2002, Newport: National Statistics. Piachaud, D. (2001), Child poverty, opportunities and quality of life, London: The Political Quarterly Publishing Company Ltd. Piachaud, D. and Sutherland, H. (2001), Child poverty in Britain and the New Labour government, Journal of Social Policy, 30(1): 95-118. Platt, L. (2006), Social insecurity: children and benefit dynamics, Journal of Social Policy, 35(3): 391-410 Platt, L. (2007), Child poverty, employment and ethnicity in the UK: the role and limitations of policy, European Societies, 9(2): 175-199. Plewis, I. And Hawkes, D. (2005), Feasibility study into the effects of low income, material deprivation and parental employment on outcomes for children both in adulthood and as children, DWP Working Paper No. 20. Leeds: Corporate Document Services. Pollard, E.L. and Lee, P.D. (2002), Child well-being: a systematic review of the literature, Social Indicators Research, 61: 59-78 SIR (2007a) Social Indicators Research, Special Volume on Child Wellbeing, 80 (1). SIR (2007b) Social Indicators Research, Special Volume on Child Wellbeing, 83 (1). Smith, J. (1999), Youth homelessness in the UK. A European perspective, Habitat International, 23(2):63-77 Stewart, K. (2005), Towards and equal start? Addressing childhood poverty and deprivation, in Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (eds.), A more equal society? New Labour, poverty, inequality and exclusion, Bristol: Policy Press. Tomlinson, M., Walker, R. and Williams, G. (forthcoming), Measuring poverty in Britain as a multi-dimensional concept, Journal of Social Policy. Whelan, C. and Maitre, B. (2007a), Measuring material deprivation with EU-SILC: Lessons from the Irish survey, European Societies, 9(2): 147-173. Whelan, C. and Maitre, B. (2007b), Levels and patterns of material deprivation in Ireland: After the Celtic Tiger, European Sociological Review, 23(2): 139-154. Yeo A. (2007), Experience of work and job retention among lone parents: An evidence review, DWP Working paper No. 37, Leeds: corporate Document Services.